Formation of elongated granite–migmatite domes as isostatic accommodation structures in collisional orogens

The mid-Carboniferous Pelhřimov core complex, Bohemian Massif, is a crustal-scale elongated granite–migmatite dome interpreted to have formed by gravity-driven diapiric upwelling of the metapelitic middle crust. The vertical diapiric flow is evidenced by outward-dipping foliation and lineation patterns, deformation coeval with the widespread presence of melt, rapid exhumation of the dome center from depths corresponding to pressure of about 0.6 GPa to shallow levels (pressure less than 0.2 GPa) within 2 M.y., and kinematic indicators of downward return flow of the mantling rocks. As compared to common diapirs, however, the Pelhřimov complex exhibits a more complicated inferred strain pattern with two perpendicular, irregularly alternating directions of horizontal extension in what is interpreted as the diapir head. Comparison of structural data from migmatites with anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data in granites also reveals that only final increments of strain are recorded in the granites. The map dimensions and gravity image of the complex suggest that the diapiric upwelling affected a large portion of the orogen's interior between two microplates brought together during continental collision. The northwesterly microplate (the upper-crustal Teplá–Barrandian unit) collapsed vertically as an ‘elevator’ at around 346–337 Ma whereas the easterly microplate (Brunia) was underthrust beneath the Moldanubian rocks during ∼346–330 Ma (the indentor). It is suggested that these microplates then acted as cold and rigid margins localizing mid-crustal diapirism and associated voluminous S-type granite plutons inbetween, parallel to the edge of the Brunia indentor.We conclude that bringing together soft metapelitic middle crust with two rigid lithospheric blocks during collision resulted in significant lateral temperature and strength variations across the orogen's interior. A general conclusion from these inferences is that granite–migmatite domes delineating margins of collided microplates may form as crustal-scale structures accommodating late-orogenic isostatic reequilibration.     

北京千家店地区侏罗系后城组磷灰石裂变径迹分析及其地质意义

运用裂变径迹分析方法, 探讨分析了千家店地区侏罗系后城组地层的构造热演化特征. 千家店地区后城组上段三个磷灰石样品,AFT年龄集中在85.7～76.0 Ma,小于其相应的地层年龄;平均封闭径迹长度为9.4～10.8 μm,小于初始径迹长度(16.3±0.9 μm),呈非对称的单峰态分布,标准偏差为2.1～2.5. 后城组下段的三个AFT样品,AFT年龄集中在82.6～62.4 Ma,小于其相应的地层年龄,也小于上段层位的AFT年龄;平均封闭径迹长度仅为7.2～7.7 μm,远小于初始径迹长度(16.3±0.9 μm),其中YQ-07样品的封闭径迹长度呈似双峰态分布,标准偏差达到3.1;显然,侏罗系样品经历了明显的中度退火行为,最大温度可能接近于90℃. AFT年龄和封闭径迹长度的规律性变化主要是由于埋深不同引起的温度差异造成的. 裂变径迹热历史模拟结果表明,沉积物自进入盆地充填埋藏一直到115 Ma左右,盆地沉积物达到最大埋深3000多米,盆地温度达到最大值90℃多,这一过程沉积速率达到66.7 m/Ma. 115 Ma之后盆地处于相对稳定期,没有明显的温度波动,直到6 Ma左右温度以11.7 ℃/Ma的速度突然下降,表明侏罗系地层遭受剥蚀,迅速上升、快速冷却直至地表,剥露速率超过了500 m/Ma.     

大别山造山带高压-超高压变质岩的折返过程

高压-超高压变质岩的形成与折返是地球动力学过程,虽人眼不能见及,但在岩石中留下种种记录。本文以大别山为例对高压-超高压变质岩的折返过程进行了探讨。文中(1)综合构造地质学和地球物理学观测资料,剖析了大别山造山带的结构构造,指出了作为高压-超高压变质岩折返通道的莫霍面断口和折返形成的挤压穹隆地壳结构;(2)综合变质岩石学P-T-t轨迹研究资料,追踪高压-超高压变质岩在地下的运动轨迹,揭示了其在俯冲-折返过程不同时段经过的深度和运动速率,并指出其向南的折返极性;(3)结合沉积岩石学研究资料,利用合肥盆地中砾岩成分和碎屑白云母Si含量记录,限定了高压-超高压变质岩折返至地表的时间为中侏罗世前。基于上述资料,本文重建了大别山高压-超高压变质岩的三阶段折返过程,指出大别山包含三个岩片,于230Ma左右分别从不同深度快速折返,折返速率为3～10km/Ma,于210Ma左右进入中地壳,并于180Ma左右快速折返(折返速率为3km/Ma左右)至上地壳,白垩纪折返速率极慢(0.1km/Ma左右)。     

青藏高原西北缘高原面与陡坡地貌形成过程的裂变径迹热年代学约束

对青藏高原西北缘高原内部和陡坡地貌带2个花岗岩体10件磷灰石裂变径迹年龄测定表明,高原内部大红柳滩—郭扎错逆冲断裂上盘磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为24.8±4.9～14.0±1.3Ma,此外,一个玄武岩烘烤的热事件年龄为7.9±0.8Ma;而陡坡地貌带的西昆仑中间逆冲断裂上盘的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为2.9±0.5～0.9±0.3Ma。进一步的热历史模拟结果显示,高原内部自渐新世以来经历了2期隆升-剥露,分别是渐新世—早中新世(30～16Ma)和上新世以来(≤5Ma),而陡坡带只记录了晚中新世以来(≤8Ma)的隆升-剥露,暗示他们经历了不同的热演化历史。结合前人在该区的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据和野外地质现象,认为现今高原边缘陡坡地貌带可能是自晚中新世以来(≤8Ma)高原边界断裂伴有向塔里木盆地后展式叠瓦逆冲产生的构造抬升的结果;现今高原面有可能是由高原边界断裂系于大约5～2Ma以来强烈活动逐渐形成的,其隆升-剥蚀幅度>2000～3000m。这对自晚中新世以来青藏高原西北缘高原面与陡坡地貌形成过程提供了磷灰石裂变径迹热年代的重要约束。     

柴北缘超高压地体折返过程中地壳深熔的岩石学研究

宏观、微观岩石学、地球化学和年代学研究表明,柴北缘锡铁山和绿梁山单元富含斜长石的浅色体和富含钾长石的浅色体是超高压地体折返过程中榴辉岩和片麻岩部分熔融的产物。阴极发光图像显示富含斜长石的浅色体中锆石具有明显的核-边双层结构,锆石核部无明显分带特征,并呈现出重稀土平坦和无Eu异常的稀土配分模式,～450Ma的年龄结果与区域上榴辉岩峰期变质时代一致;发光较弱的锆石边部具不明显的环带结构和较低的Th/U比值,～426Ma年龄结果代表了熔体的结晶时代。富含钾长石的浅色体中的锆石U-Pb定年结果记录的～910Ma、～450Ma和～426Ma三组年龄分别代表了片麻岩原岩结晶时代、高压-超高压变质作用时代和熔体结晶时代。富含斜长石的浅色体具有高SiO_2、Al_2O_3、CaO、Na_2O、Sr和LREE,而低MgO、FeO~T、K_2O、Y、Yb和HREE的英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩的地球化学特征;而富含钾长石的浅色体具有高的SiO_2、Al_2O_3和K_2O+Na_2O,而较低的CaO、MgO、REE的花岗岩地球化学特征。黝帘石和少量的多硅白云母的脱水分解是触发超高压榴辉岩发生部分熔融形成富含斜长石的浅色体的主要机制;而多硅白云母的脱水分解则是触发超高压片麻岩部分熔融形成富含钾长石浅色体的主要机制。这些浅色体显著的促进了柴北缘超高压地体的快速折返,并对大陆俯冲隧道中的元素迁移和壳-幔作用具有重要的影响。     

苏鲁造山带超高压变质作用及其P-T-t轨迹

基于超高压变质岩的岩石学,特别是超高压矿物生长成分环带、扩散环带和蚀变作用研究,综合前人的岩石学和年代学研究成果,提出苏鲁造山带超高压变质作用峰期发生在1000-1100℃和6-7GPa条件下,俯冲深度相当于200km,形成年代为240-250Ma。在此基础上,重塑了一个包括八期变质作用的P-T-t轨迹,揭示出超高压变质岩经历了三个不同的折返阶段,即从200km到100km深度的快速折返阶段,抬升速率为5km/Ma,冷却速率为10℃/Ma;从100km到30km的快速折返,抬升速率为4km/Ma,或为近等温降压,或为缓慢降温的快速降压过程;从下地壳到近地表的缓慢折返阶段,抬升速率为1km/Ma,但为快速降温过程,冷却速率可达20℃/Ma。     

鲁东-苏北榴辉岩的构造特征及其折返机制

鲁东-苏北地区出露了M型和Q型两类榴辉岩,前者的原岩为地幔岩类,后者的原岩为地壳岩类。它们均呈外来岩块产出于片麻岩中。其形成经历了前榴辉岩I、A和S阶段,在I和A阶段它们表现为韧性变形,而在S阶段则表现为碎裂变形。它们的折返过程经历了剪切回流和区域性隆起剥蚀。     

鲁东-苏北榴辉岩的构造特征及其折返机制

鲁东-苏北地区出露了M型和Q型两类榴辉岩,前者的原岩为地幔岩类,后者的原岩为地壳岩类。它们均呈外来岩块产出于片麻岩中。其形成经历了前榴辉岩I、A和S阶段,在I和A阶段它们表现为韧性变形,而在S阶段则表现为碎裂变形。它们的折返过程经历了剪切回流和区域性隆起剥蚀。     

Post-collisional rapid exhumation and erosion during continental sedimentation: the example of the late Variscan Salvan-Dorénaz basin (Western Alps)

The Salvan-Dorénaz intramontane basin formed between ca. 308–293 Ma as an asymmetric graben along crustal-scale transtensional fracture zones within the Aiguilles-Rouges crystalline massif (Western Alps) and represents a feature of the post-collisional evolution of the Variscan orogens. It contains 1.5–1.7 km of continental clastic deposits which were eroded from granitic, volcanic, and metamorphic rocks. Textural and compositional immaturity of the sandstones, and the numerous lithic fragments with low chemical and physical stability suggest only short-range transport. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analyses of detrital muscovite are interpreted to represent cooling of the crystalline basement below the respective closure temperatures. Ages from detrital muscovite range between ca. 280–330 Ma. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar white mica plateau ages from granitic boulders range between 301–312 Ma and suggest rapid cooling. The very short time interval recorded between the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar cooling ages and the stratigraphic age of the host sediment suggests that considerable portions of the upper crust were removed prior to the formation of the basin. Late Variscan granitic boulders document surface exposure and erosion of Late Carboniferous granites during early stages of the infilling of the basin. Therefore, unroofing of basement units, magmatic activity, and formation of the fault bounded Salvan-Dorénaz basin were acting concomitantly, and are highly suggestive of extensional tectonics. When compared with other orogens, this situation seems specific to the Variscan, especially the exclusively young ages of detrital material, however, modern analogous may exist.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left on that page takes you directly to the supplementary material.     

Tectonic evolution of a continental magmatic arc from transpression in the upper crust to exhumation of mid-crustal orogenic root recorded by episodically emplaced plutons: the Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex (Bohemian Massif)

The Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex (CBPC) consists of episodically emplaced plutons, the internal fabrics of which recorded tectonic evolution of a continental magmatic arc. The ~354–350 Ma calc-alkaline plutons were emplaced by multiple processes into the upper-crustal Teplá-Barrandian Unit, and their magmatic fabrics recorded increments of regional transpression. Multiple fabrics of the younger, ~346 Ma Blatná pluton recorded both regional transpression and the onset of exhumation of mid-crustal orogenic root (Moldanubian Unit). Continuous exhumation-related deformation during pluton cooling resulted in the development of a wide zone of sub-solidus deformation along the SE margin of the CBPC. Finally, syn-exhumation tabular durbachitic pluton of ultrapotassic composition was emplaced atop the intrusive sequence at ~343–340 Ma, and the ultrapotassic Tábor pluton intruded after exhumation of the orogenic root (~337 Ma). We suggest that the emplacement of plutons during regional transpression in the upper crust produced thermally softened domain which then accommodated the exhumation of the mid-crustal orogenic root, and that the complex nature of the Teplá-Barrandian/Moldanubian boundary is a result of regional transpression in the upper crust, the enhancement of regional deformation in overlapping structural aureoles, the subsequent exhumation of the orogenic root domain, and post-emplacement brittle faulting.