地下水与开挖作用下堆积层滑坡体滑动机制分析

川东红层地区修建的巴中达州万州高速公路在穿越第四系堆积层时,堆积层滑坡灾害频繁发生,这类滑坡滑动面为平缓的岩土界面。地下水渗流分布影响下的坡体非饱和强度特征和开挖卸荷是引发这类滑坡灾害的主要因素。在室内非饱和直剪试验提取土体力学参数基础上,结合非饱和土渗流分析软件和岩土应力变形分析软件对滑坡机制进行深入分析。分析表明：地下水的渗流分布孕育了岩土界面附近的滑带土,为边坡的滑动失稳提供潜在可能性。堆积层渗流场特征决定着坡体基质吸力的分布,基质吸力的分布特征导致了堆积层土体由顶部往底部的非饱和抗剪强度的逐层弱化,最终形成沿平缓岩土界面分布的抗剪强度最低的一层软弱土体。在路堑边坡开挖致使的不平衡力影响下,岩土界面附近的软弱土体表现出最为显著的屈服和变形,堆积层坡体中部沿着岩土界面的软弱土体发生剪切蠕滑,滑体后缘出现张拉破坏,形成拉裂缝和拉裂槽,并于滑体前缘发生剪切挤压,随着滑体的蠕滑发展,滑体内地下水逐渐消散并在开挖面处渗出。     

地铁车站导洞开挖致地表沉降之施工因素分析

地铁开挖施工将对周围土体产生影响,严重时可能威胁到周边建（构）筑物的安全。因此,分析地铁开挖对周边环境的影响对地铁建设具有重要意义。地铁施工对周边环境的影响除了受场地地层结构等客观因素控制之外,开挖顺序和开挖进尺也是非常重要的影响因素。本文结合长春地区特殊的土岩复合地质情况,采用FLAC3D数值分析软件,模拟地铁车站PBA工法施工中导洞在不同的开挖顺序及进尺情况下周围土体产生的沉降变形。通过对不同方案的对比研究,确定适合本工程的开挖顺序及进尺方案,从而为今后类似工程建设提供依据。     

多级多层复合滑坡工程病害的试验研究

张家坪滑坡具有多级多层的复杂滑体结构,本文选取最典型的断面开展了大型地质力学模型试验,模拟了边坡的开挖过程,并采用均匀毛细浸润技术研究雨水作用下的坡体稳定性,通过有无支挡的两阶段试验对比,分析了多级多层复合滑坡的变形失稳机制和工程病害,以及相应抗滑支挡结构的加固效果。     

Subsurface geological-geotechnical modelling to sustain underground civil planning

The aim of the paper was to document the use of 3D subsurface geological-geotechnical modelling to optimise the planning and development of subsurface structures in city areas. The proposed procedure was applied to the analysis of the subsoil of the City of Turin (Northern Italy). The results of more than 300 boreholes were analysed to develop a model of the geological setting up to a depth of 60 m from the surface. The cementation variability of the alluvial sediments was also spatially described and the influence of this aspect on the soil excavation resistance was highlighted. In order to face the need of archiving, correlating and analysing a large amount of data, a 3D GIS (Geographical Information System) was used to better manage the model and to achieve a useful methodological reference that would be available for the planning and construction of future underground works.

A portion of the geological model, related to the centre of the city of Turin (Italy), was chosen to set up a more detailed geotechnical model, based on laboratory tests and back-analysis procedures, as data input for some engineering applications.

Two case studies were performed concerning:

– analyses used to forecast the subsidence induced on the ground surface by the excavation of the metro line;

– the influence of the works of the metro line on the new Underground Railway Link (interference between two important underground works).

A comparison between the forecasts of the degree of cementation, supplied by the 3D model along a metro tunnel tract, and the excavation specific energy effectively absorbed by the head of the boring machine is reported to testify the reliability of the model of the subsoil of Turin centre. This comparison shows the good reliability of the model and its potential to choose of the optimal boring machines for the future development of the Underground Metro System in Turin.     

Cut Slopes in Clayey Soils: Consolidation and Overall Stability by Finite Element Method

When a cut slope in a saturated clay is undertaken, a transient water flow occurs and stress transferences from the water to the soil skeleton take place in time (consolidation). Mainly in strongly overconsolidated clays, these stress transferences may determine swelling of soil and therefore reduction of its shear strength in time. However, the lowering of the water level associated to the cut increases effective mean stress, which may therefore counterbalance the above-mentioned effect. In the paper, the behaviour of a cut slope in an overconsolidated clay is analysed by a finite element program that incorporates the Biot consolidation theory (coupled analysis), with constitutive relations simulated by the p–q–θ critical state model. In addition, the variation in time of the overall stability is assessed with a computer program that uses the finite element results and formulations of the critical state soil mechanics. In order to achieve a more complex geotechnical interpretation of the problem, the analysis in time of the excess pore pressures, effective stresses, displacements and stress levels is also presented. Finally, comparisons of stability results are analysed by changing some parameters, namely the problem geometry (weight of excavated soil) and the over-consolidation ratio of the clay.     

Numerical investigation of the failure of a building in Shanghai,China

The overturning failure of a 13 storey residential building in Shanghai, China, has been investigated by plane strain finite element analysis (FEA). The results of the FEA indicate that ultimate failure of the building was probably initiated by the formation of tensile cracking in the reinforced concrete piles located under the side of the building adjacent to an excavation. This eventually led to complete structural failure of the piles located along the excavation side, which probably caused further settlement of the building, leading eventually to a toppling failure resulting in overturning of the entire building. Excessive tensile stress in the piles was probably caused by the combination of excavation of soil at one side of the building and the temporary dumping of the excavated soil on the opposite side of the building. It is likely that the effect of temporary dumping of the excavated soil adjacent to the building was either not considered or not properly taken into account in the foundation design nor the construction operations. A simple but important lesson to be draw from this failure is the need for engineers who design foundations in soft soil regions to consider not only the final loading conditions, but also any temporary and transient loading conditions during the construction process.     

An approximate analytical solution for calculating ground surface settlements due to diaphragm walling

This paper focuses on the derivation of an approximate analytical solution to predict ground surface settlements along the centre-line perpendicular to a slurry-supported diaphragm wall panel. An analytical model of trench excavation is constructed by applying linearly-distributed total earth pressure changes on the sidewalls and the base of the trench in a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic half-space. By applying the principle of superposition appropriately, an explicit solution to calculate ground surface settlements is derived by integrating Mindlin’s displacement formulae. The validity of the solution is verified by three-dimensional finite-element analyses and case studies. Based on the results obtained from a parametric study using the newly derived solution, an algebraic formula is obtained as a first approximation for calculating ground surface settlements.     

A simplified method for predicting ground settlement profiles induced by excavation in soft clay

A series of parametric studies was performed to examine the influence factors affecting the settlement influence zone induced by excavation in soft clay. It was found that the excavation depth, width, the soft clay bottom depth and the rock-like soil depth are all related to the settlement influence zone. The potential failure surface, as deduced from the failure mechanism, covering the above-mentioned parameters, is consistent with the settlement influence zone. Thus, a simple method based on the analysis results is proposed to predict the settlement influence zone. Ten case histories and statistical data for the settlements in the Shanghai area were used to verify the proposed method.     

Probability of serviceability failure in a braced excavation in a spatially random field: Fuzzy finite element approach

A simplified framework is proposed for evaluating the probability of “serviceability failure” in a braced excavation in a spatially random field. Here, the “serviceability failure” is said to occur when the excavation-induced wall or ground movement exceeds specified limiting values. Knowledge of this probability can aid in engineering decision-making to prevent damage to adjacent infrastructures. The proposed framework consists of five elements: (1) finite element method (FEM) for analyzing wall and ground responses in a braced excavation, (2) fuzzy set modeling of parameter uncertainty, (3) spatial averaging technique for handling spatial variability, (4) vertex method for processing fuzzy input through FEM model, and (5) interpretation of fuzzy output. The proposed framework is demonstrated through a well-documented case history. The results show the proposed framework is simple and effective for assessing the probability of serviceability failure in a braced excavation in a spatially random field. To focus on the proposed fuzzy FEM approach, the scope of this paper is limited to one-dimensional modeling of spatial variability with an assumed exponential autocorrelation function.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711200062X

This paper focuses on the formation mechanism of fractures induced by excavation of a gallery in soft sedimentary rocks in the Horonobe area of Japan.Detailed fracture mapping of the gallery indicates that the fractures consist of both pre-existing shear fractures and excavation damaged zone(EDZ) fractures. EDZ fractures correspond to weak planes associated with bedding planes or transgranular cracks.The EDZ fractures terminate against pre-existing shear fractures.Therefore,even for excavations in soft sedimentary rocks,formation of the EDZ fractures are controlled by pre-existing fractures and earlier weak planes.