利用多代卫星测高数据计算海洋重力场

联合Jason-1/2、T/P、Envisat、ERS-1/2、Geosat等多代卫星测高数据计算中国近海及邻域（0°~42°N,100°~140°E）2′×2′重力异常。对卫星测高数据分别进行共线处理和自交叉点平差,并以T/P卫星测高数据为基准进行多星数据联合平差,有效削弱了卫星测高数据的时变影响和不协调性;利用逆Vening-Meinesz公式计算重力异常,与船测重力相比,均方根误差为5.4mGal。结果表明,通过引入高精度的卫星测高数据,结合多项平差处理手段,提高了海洋重力异常的计算精度。     

基于随机模型基准的Helmert方差分量估计

在多类观测数据联合平差中,存在某类观测值的验前协方差阵正确而其他类不正确的情况,传统Helmert方差分量估计在求解此类问题时没有对正确的验前协方差阵加以区别,从而造成正确的随机模型经估计后同样也被调整.针对上述情况,首先分析了Helmert方差分量估计迭代收敛结果的实质,然后提出了随机模型基准的概念,并推导了基于随机模型基准的Helmert方差分量估计公式.经计算表明,新公式完全可行,可以用于解决实际问题.     

非规则砂岩节理剪切变形本构关系试验研究

岩石节理剪切变形对岩体工程的安全性和稳定性具有重要影响。为研究常法向应力下岩石节理剪切变形本构关系,采用RDS-200型岩石直剪仪对非规则砂岩节理进行了不同法向应力下的直剪试验。根据岩石节理剪切应力?位移全程曲线形状特征,将其依次划分为峰前压密阶段、线性阶段、屈服阶段和峰后软化阶段;根据剪切应力在峰后软化阶段降低幅度和速率大小,将岩石节理剪切应力?位移曲线划分为3种类型：峰后平台型、峰后缓降型和峰后跌落型。基于岩石节理剪切应力?位移曲线各阶段剪切变形特征,采用分段函数建立了岩石节理剪切变形本构模型。与其他模型相比,新提出的岩石节理剪切变形本构模型对试验数据拟合精度更高,更好地描述了岩石节理剪切应力?位移全程曲线。另外,在通过岩石节理直剪试验由经验公式确定模型参数之后,所提出本构模型可在不同法向应力下实现对不同粗糙度岩石节理剪切应力?位移曲线的预测。研究结果对岩石节理剪切变形的数值模拟和工程估计具有一定的实用价值。     

局部区域模型垂线偏差快速算法

针对利用地球重力场模型计算大范围、高分辨率局部区域模型垂线偏差速度慢这一问题,该文在对位系数模型泰勒级数展开的基础上,提出了采用向量运算、混合编程、预先计算缔合勒让德函数Belikov递推方法中与经纬度无关量的方法;最后与严密公式计算结果作对比。实验结果表明,该方法不仅可以满足精度要求,而且可以有效提高计算速度。     

钻井漏失层位测量及堵漏模拟研究

在钻井过程中经常发生严重的钻井液漏失,不仅给井下安全带来了巨大的隐患,同时也导致更加复杂的井下事故的发生,严重制约了油田的勘探与开发进度。如何有效地解决漏失问题是一个长期困扰工程界的难题。重点介绍了漏层判定方法和堵漏配方模拟评价方法。对于地层漏失,可以首先通过判定方法确定漏层位置,然后再对堵漏配方进行评价,最终形成理想的堵漏配方和相应的堵漏方案。该方法对于提高堵漏成功率,解决复杂地层重复漏失等技术难题具有一定的指导意义。     

Appraisal of Budyko formula in calculating long‐term water balance in humid watersheds of southern China

The Budyko formula for estimating the long‐term average annual evaporation is applied to calculate the long‐term water balance in 29 humid watersheds of southern China. As a result of overestimation of evaporation, the long‐term average annual runoff is underestimated, with the Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) at just ? 17%. A one‐variable linear regression model is employed to find that the Budyko scatter and the relative errors of Budyko runoff and evaporation estimates are all closely related to the long‐term aridity index. Through combining the original Budyko formula with the different linear regression models for estimating the Budyko estimation errors, three forms of revised Budyko equation for estimating the long‐term average annual runoff are derived, with all their NSE values to be around 66%. After calibration, both one‐parameter Turc‐Pike and one‐parameter Fu equations lead to the NSE value of 60% in estimating long‐term average annual runoff. Two conclusions are made, with the first one being that, the nonparametric Budyko formula, although very intuitive and very simple, does not apply well in calculating long‐term water balance in 29 humid watersheds in southern China. The second one is that, the parametric evaporation formulae, with locally optimized parameter values, can achieve better accuracy in estimating long‐term average annual evaporation and runoff than the nonparametric Budyko evaporation formula. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characteristics and Causes of Changes of Pan Evaporation in China During 1957-2001

Evaporation is an important component of surface heat and water balance, and is affected directly by land use and climate change. This paper studies the changes of evaporation in China associated with the global climate change, and explores characteristics of the corresponding regional water cycle variations. The 20-cm-caliber pan evaporation measurements collected from 427 meteorological stations in China from 1957 to 2001 are analyzed to disclose the small-pan evaporation variation trend in China and the associated causes. The results show that although the annual average temperature over China exhibits an upward tendency of 0.2°C/10 yr for the past 45 years,the pan evaporation on the whole has decreased by －34.12mm/10 yr. Nonetheless, a significant increase of pan evaporation is observed in a few areas such as the northern part of the Greater Hingan Mountains in Northeast China and the Beishan Mountains in Inner Mongolia. The largest decrease of pan evaporation lies in East China, northern parts of Northwest China,South China, and southern Tibet. An analysis of energy balance and aerodynamics using Penman's formula proves that the drop of pan evaporation in East China is mainly due to a significant decline of source energy for evaporation, while that in West China is mostly attributed to an aerodynamic reduction. The analysis on tendencies of various meteorological and other related factors shows that wind speed and sunshine hours are two most important factors causing the pan evaporation reduction in China.     

北黄海春季海面太阳辐射船基观测与分析

利用"中国近海海洋综合调查与评价"2007年北黄海春季航次的资料,综合分析了短波、长波辐射及海面短波、长波反射辐射特征及与云量、气温、水汽压、海面红外温度等的对应关系。结果显示海面太阳入射辐射远大于海面反射辐射,二者相差约1个量级;海面长波辐射总体上大于大气逆辐射,二者相差约40 W/m2,平均净辐射为153.1 W/m2。观测期间大气透射率约为0.45,并据此分析探讨了云对太阳辐射传输的影响,建立了考虑总云量、低云量及水汽压等因素的海面太阳短波辐射经验估算公式,计算结果与实测结果具有较好一致性,均方根误差为11.3 W/m2。最后讨论了太阳辐射船基观测由于船体晃动可能造成的误差影响。     

Distribution of wave crests in a non-Gaussian sea

The sea elevation at a fixed point is modelled as a quadratic form of a vector valued Gaussian process with arbitrary mean. With this model, saddlepoint methods are used to approximate the mean upcrossing intensity with which the sea level crosses upwards at a certain height. This estimated intensity is further used to determine the probability distribution of wave crests. The use of saddlepoint technique is particularly important here because it can approximate the crest distribution without the need to perform simulations or use fitted distributions. Several numerical examples are given, including two with measured data. In the cases of real data, the results obtained with the saddlepoint technique are also compared with the results obtained with well known methods commonly used in the industry.     

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