吉首台近震持续时间震级公式

利用吉首台ＤＤ—１型短周期地震仪记录的１９８７—１９９２年间的１２５次近震的垂直向尾波持续时间，用最小二乘法求出了该台的近震持续震级公式。实际验检结果表明，应用该公式不仅能快速地算出地震震级，而且结果较为准确。     

A CLIMATOLOGICAL STUDY ON SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

I.observedResultsandtheEmpiricalEstimatedFormulasforDirect'UltraviolctRadiationl.observedresultsofdirectultravioletradiationDuetostrongabsorptionofo2,N2,O,N,andO3inthehighlayeroftheatmosphere,solarradiationatwavelengthlessthan29onmcannotarriveateartl1suthee.Betweenthewavelength29Onmand4Oonm,thedirectultravioletirradia11ceSuvcanbewrittenas:Where,S.xissolarsPectralirradiancearrivedattopofatmosphere,Tlxisoptlcalthicknessofatmosphericmolecularabovesea1evel,Whicl1isaknownfunctiollofwavelengt…     

A semi-empirical formula for evaluating residual strain of soils under earthquake loading

A new semi-empirical formula for evaluating the residual strain of soils under earthquake loading is presented in this paper based on the incremental method and the increment model proposed by the authors. When the incident loading is uniform, the results calculated by the new formula are nearly the same as those by the existing formula. For excitation of the random earthquake loading, the results calculated by the new formula are compared to the results obtained by dynamic triaxial tests. The dynamic triaxial tests had been performed considering different seismic waves, confining stresses,consolidation ratios, and types of cohesive soils. The comparison between the calculated and tested results indicate that the presented formula can efficiently and practically describe the time-dependent process of the soil residual strains under actual seismic loads.     

A general model for modifying Stokes’ formula and its least-squares solution

Today the combination of Stokes formula and an Earth gravity model (EGM) for geoid determination is a standard procedure. However, the method of modifying Stokes formula varies from author to author, and numerous methods of modification exist. Most methods modify Stokes kernel, but the most widely applied method, the remove compute restore technique, removes the EGM from the gravity anomaly to attain a residual gravity anomaly under Stokes integral, and at least one known method modifies both Stokes kernel and the gravity anomaly. A general model for modifying Stokes formula is presented; it includes most of the well-known techniques of modification as special cases. By assuming that the error spectra of the gravity anomalies and the EGM are known, the optimum model of modification is derived based on the least-squares principle. This solution minimizes the expected mean square error (MSE) of all possible solutions of the general geoid model. A practical formula for estimating the MSE is also presented. The power of the optimum method is demonstrated in two special cases. AcknowledgementsThis paper was partly written whilst the author was a visiting scientist at The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. He is indebted to Professor W. Kearsley and his colleagues, and their hospitality is acknowledged.     

关于Stokes公式的球面卷积和平面卷积的注记

讨论了Stokes公式球面卷积和平面卷积形式的近似性和严密性问题,分析了Stokes函数球面卷积形式和平面卷积形式的关系,推导了其间的差值表达式,估算了最大差值及其对计算大地水准面差距的误差影响。同时指出,将顾及Stokes函数全项的平面卷积公式称为严密公式的提法,仅仅是相对仅顾及Stokes函数首项的简单平面卷积公式而言,认为更合理的提法应该是“高精度Stokes平面近似卷积公式”。理论分析表明,球面卷积不可能严格转化为等效的平面卷积。     

单自由度系统地震动力反应的实时计算方法

本文对计算单自由度系统地震动力反应的频域方法和时域方法进行了分析比较。说明了目前时域方法所存在的问题,指出寻找一种在计算精度上与频域方法等价的时域算法是一个值得研究的重要课题。据此,本文提出了一套能较精确模拟单自由度系统传递函数的时域方法。其计算格式采用具有较高计算效率的递归格式。理论分析与数值试验表明,该方法具有精度优于其他时域算法、速度快的特点,可应用于强震观测台网中强地震动参数的实时计算。     

HYOROTRAC单频测深仪在二滩水电站库区泥沙淤积监测中的应用

迄今为止，声纳技术应用于江、河、湖、海水下地形测量，特别在大面积、深水域是最便捷、最有效的方法。本文着重阐述了HYOROTRAC单频测深仪在二滩水电站库区泥沙淤积监测中的应用，并解决了长期以来数据处理中忽视的问题。     

应用常规气象观测资料估算塔里木盆地水面蒸发量

根据阿克苏水平衡站1999年至2002年非冻结期(4月至10月)20m^2蒸发池的蒸发量及常规气象观测资料，采用斜率关联度分析法分析了各气象要素对水而蒸发的影响程度，建立了计算水而蒸发量的经验公式，结果表明：(1)气象要素对20m^2蒸发池月平均蒸发量的影响程度从大到小的排列顺序为饱和水汽压差、气温、水面温度、空气饱和差、风速、实际水汽压、大气压、相对湿度；(2)20m^2蒸发池蒸发量与饱和水汽压差、空气湿度饱和差、气温、水面温度、风速、水汽压成正比关系；而与气压、相对湿度成反比关系；(3)所有回归方程都达到极显著水平，可供塔里木盆地缺测资料地区选用。     

Two deterministic and three stochastic modifications of Stokes’s formula: a case study for the Baltic countries

In regional gravimetric geoid determination, it is customary to use the modified Stokes formula that combines local terrestrial data with a global geopotential model. This study compares two deterministic and three stochastic modification methods for computing a regional geoid over the Baltic countries. The final selection of the best modification method is made by means of two accuracy estimates: the expected global mean square error of the geoid estimator, and the statistics of the post-fit residuals between the computed geoid models and precise GPS-levelling data. Numerical results show that the modification methods tested do not provide substantially different results, although the stochastic approaches appear formally better in the selected study area. The 2.8–5.3 cm (RMS) post-fit residuals to the GPS-levelling points indicate the suitability of the new geoid model for many practical applications. Moreover, the numerical comparisons reveal a one-dimensional offset between the regional vertical datum and the geoid models based upon the new GRACE-only geopotential model GGM01s. This gives an impression of a greater reliability of the new model compared to the earlier, EGM96-based and somewhat tilted regional geoid models for the same study area.     

Spatial and temporal variations and controlling factors of potential evapotranspiration in China: 1956-2000

Based on the climatic data of 580 stations in China during 1956 and 2000, potential evapotranspiration are calculated using the Penman-Monteith Method recommended by FAO. The spatial and temporal distributions of the potential evapotranspiration over China and the temporal trends of the regional means for 10 major river basins and whole China are analyzed. Through a partial correlation analysis, the major climate factors which affect the temporal change of the potential evapotranspiration are analyzed. Major results are drawn as follows: 1) The seasonal and annual potential evapotranspiration for China as a whole and for most basins show decline tendencies during the past 45 years; for the Songhua River Basin there appears a slightly increasing trend. 2) Consequently, the annual potential evapotranspirations averaged over 1980-2000 are lower than those for the first water resources assessment (1956-1979) in most parts of China. Exceptions are found in some areas of Shandong Peninsula, western and middle basins of the rivers in Southwest China, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as well as the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, which may have brought about disadvantages to the exploration and utilization of water resources. 3) Generally, sunshine duration, wind speed and relative humidity have greater impact on the potential evapotranspiration than temperature. Decline tendencies of sunshine duration and/or wind speed in the same period appear to be the major causes for the negative trend of the potential evapotranspiration in most areas.