中国太阳总辐射的气候学计算法研究(英文)

Angstrom-Prescott公式的气候学计算法是应用较广的太阳辐射模拟方法,其系数一般通过线性回归确定。近年来,许多研究显示该系数存在明显的空间变异性,常见的解决方法是将研究区划分子区域逐个拟合。本研究采用1961-2010时段日照时数与太阳辐射站点资料,以天文辐射为起始值,基于地理加权回归得到全国尺度连续变化的Angstrom-Prescott系数。通过高精度曲面建模方法(HASM)构建的日照时数资料和天文辐射曲面,得到国家尺度太阳辐射曲面。空间非平稳和误差比较检验等结果表明,系数存在显著的空间非平稳性;与已有研究相比,本研究的模拟方法效果较好。     

双相介质AVO方程及参数简化研究

基于2种双相介质分界面的反射系数和透射系数方程组,推导出了单相/双相分界面(储层顶界面)、双相/单相分界面(储层底界面)和单相/单相分界面(两种致密岩层分界面)3种类型分界面的反射系数和透射系数方程组,形成了从单相介质到双相介质较全面的AVO方程组;推导出了双相介质参数（A,N,Q,R,ρ11,ρ12,ρ22,）与纵波速度、横波速度、密度、孔隙度以及流体类型（油、气、水）之间的关系式,为双相介质AVO理论走向实用进行了有益的探索。设计了3种类型的岩性分界面,分别用双相介质AVO方程和Zeoppritz方程计算了各类界面的快纵波反射系数曲线,证实了Zoeppritz方程是双相介质AVO方程的一个特例。     

城市设计暴雨频率计算问题

城市设计暴雨,具有历时短、设计标准较低的特点,与常用的频率计算方法不尽相同。简述了暴雨系列的取样问题;改正了与经验频率有关的计算公式;提出以经验适线法来拟合暴雨系列呈反Ｓ形的分布;比较了推求设计暴雨的几种方法,认为超定量综合法有偏于安全的结果;列述了我国一些城市的暴雨强度公式,其中的参数无一定的规律性,期望进一步工作,在点面上进行协调。     

格值分段计算重力单程观测,三程循环观测法的公式

总结了大测程重力仪分段标定的格值相对变化大于/1400时,单程、三程循环重力观测值居于不同测程段内可能出现的8种计算公式.     

黄河上游流域蒸散量及其影响因子研究

利用彭曼公式８０年代以来黄河上游流蒸散量,分析了该地区蒸散量、日照时数、气温、空气饱和差等气候因子的变化趋势,并着重研究了诸因子对蒸散量的影响。研究发现,可上游流域蒸散量呈逐年增大趋势,并以每年３．２５ｍｍ的速度增。而作为主要影响因子的日照时数则以每年３．６小时的速度啬气温同样表现出逐年升高的趋势,其气候倾向率为０．４℃／１０年,空气饱和差也以每年０．０２的速度递增;因此,可以认为,黄河上游流域日     

Upwelling into the thermocline of the Pacific Ocean

The established “island rule” and the recently introduced “separation formula” are combined to yield an analytical expression for the total upwelling into the thermocline in the Pacific. The combination of the two is achieved with the use of a hybrid model containing a stratified upper layer, a thick (slowly moving) homogenous intermediate layer and an inert lower layer. Both the upper and the intermediate layers are subject to diabatic cooling and heating (which need not be specified) and there is an exchange of mass between the two active layers. An attempt is made to examine the above analytical (hybrid) model numerically. Ideally, this should be done with a complete two-and-a-half layer model (with upwelling and downwelling), but such a model is much too complex for process-oriented studies (due to the required parameterization of vertical mixing). Consequently, we focus our attention on verifying that the separation formula and the island rule are consistent with each other in a much simpler, layer-and-a-half model (without upwelling). We first verified that the new “separation formula” provides a reasonable estimate of the wind-induced transport in an island-free basin. We then compare the wind-induced transport predicted by the separation formula and the island rule in an idealized basin containing an island. We show that in these idealized situations the two methods give results that are consistent with each other and the numerics. We then turned to an application of the (hybrid) two-and-a-half layer model to the Pacific where, in contrast to the idealized layer-and-a-half models (where the two methods address the same water mass), the two methods address two different water masses. While the separation formula addresses only thermocline water (σ_θ<26.20), the island rule addresses all the water down to 27.5σ_θ (i.e., both the upper and intermediate layer). This is why the application of the two methods to the Pacific gives two different results — an application of the formula gives zero warm water transport whereas an application of the island rule gives 16 Sv. Namely, the difference between the amount predicted by the island rule (16 Sv) and the amount predicted by the separation formula (zero) enters the Pacific as intermediate water and is then somehow upwelled into the thermocline. The upwelling should take place north of the southern western boundary currents separation (40°S).     

A new method for computing the ellipsoidal correction for Stokes's formula

 This paper generalizes the Stokes formula from the spherical boundary surface to the ellipsoidal boundary surface. The resulting solution (ellipsoidal geoidal height), consisting of two parts, i.e. the spherical geoidal height N ₀ evaluated from Stokes's formula and the ellipsoidal correction N ₁, makes the relative geoidal height error decrease from O(e ²) to O(e ⁴), which can be neglected for most practical purposes. The ellipsoidal correction N ₁ is expressed as a sum of an integral about the spherical geoidal height N ₀ and a simple analytical function of N ₀ and the first three geopotential coefficients. The kernel function in the integral has the same degree of singularity at the origin as the original Stokes function. A brief comparison among this and other solutions shows that this solution is more effective than the solutions of Molodensky et al. and Moritz and, when the evaluation of the ellipsoidal correction N ₁ is done in an area where the spherical geoidal height N ₀ has already been evaluated, it is also more effective than the solution of Martinec and Grafarend. Received: 27 January 1999 / Accepted: 4 October 1999     

水面蒸发与散热系数公式研究(二)

根据自1976年以来全国水面蒸发与散热研究协作组在我国各典型地区的原体与室内实验资料和大量水文站历史资料,通过理论分析和统计检验,确定了影响水面蒸发的诸因子及其非线性相互作用,引入了新的无量纲参数和公式结构,用实测资料统计确定了公式中的常系数,得到了用开敞湖面一般水文气象资料计算逐日蒸发和散热系数的公式。经全国务典型气候带内务季节湖泊(水库)和受热污染水体上原体观测和室内专题实验共1860组日平均检验,公式的精度高于现有其他公式。全文分两部分,本文刊出第二部分,内容包括:公式的检验;水文气象要素对α的影响;水面散热系数的计算和结语。     

传统农居砌体抗剪性能试验研究

砖砌体结构是农村传统农居建筑的主要结构形式,如何精确评价其抗震能力具有重要的研究意义。目前既有传统农居中,20世纪80、90年代砖砌体结构仍是其重要的组成部分。为研究既有传统砖砌体结构的抗剪性能,首先对水泥砂浆、白灰砂浆、炉渣砂浆、黄泥砂浆4种典型砂浆开展抗压强度试验;然后对4种典型砂浆砌筑的砌体进行沿通缝抗剪强度试验,通过与传统老旧红砖砌体抗剪强度的平均值和公式值进行对比,对砌体抗剪强度计算公式进行修正后得到修正公式;最后对比修正值、标准值和设计值,对传统农居进行准确的砖砌体抗剪强度评估。本项研究主要为传统农居砖砌体结构的抗震性能评估、抗震加固以及抗震设计提供技术支持与科学依据。     

解决潜水蒸发问题的阿维里扬诺夫经验公式在地下水数值模型中的应用——以格尔木河流域为例

数值模型对地下水流和溶质运移等问题进行模拟的方法以其有效性、灵活性和相对廉价性逐渐成为地下水研究领域的一种不可缺少的重要方法。在地下水浅埋区,蒸发是地下水的主要排泄方式之一,而地下水埋深是影响蒸发度的敏感因子,因此,数值模型中对地下水埋深的拟合精度,将直接影响地下水数值模拟模型的精度。本文以格尔木河流域为例,通过阿维里扬诺夫经验公式的线性与非线性模型的计算结果对比,来说明如何利用蒸发的数学模型提高模拟精度。