组分对铁基金刚石钻头的力学性能影响研究

为提高金刚石钻头钻进钢筋混凝土、强磨性岩层的钻进效率,选择了一种耐磨性高、冷压成型好的铁预合金粉。本文设计了铁基胎体配方,研究了铁基预合金粉、Cu、Ni、Co各成分对铁基金刚石钻头胎体及钻进性能的影响。测试了不同配方下烧结试样的抗拉强度、三点抗弯强度和硬度,使用扫描电镜对断口进行微观分析,通过现场钻进实验测试钻头的钻进效率与寿命。同时分析了保温时间对铁基胎体力学性能的影响。结果表明：Cu、Ni、Co对铁基胎体的抗弯强度和硬度影响较大,且保温时间为5 min时,铁基胎体可以获得较好的力学性能。     

干扰井群渗透系数计算的简便公式

干扰井群渗透系数计算的简便,公式是依据雅可布公式,根据叠加原理建立的。克服了计算方法烦杂,需解诸多未知数和使用范围窄及图解法计算时人为的随意性。增加了计算结果的可靠性。     

水准测量大气折射改正公式的严密推导

本文应用积分法对大气折射改正公式进行了严密推导，导出了计算折射改正的严密公式，并给出了简化的实用公式。经过实测检验，该简化公式可以按测段计算折射改正，适用于水准测量，并能达到较好的改正效果。     

Terrain corrections to power 3 in gravimetric geoid determination

In precise geoid determination by Stokes formula, direct and primary and secondary indirect terrain effects are applied for removing and restoring the terrain masses. We use Helmert's second condensation method to derive the sum of these effects, together called the total terrain effect for geoid. We develop the total terrain effect to third power of elevation H in the original Stokes formula, Earth gravity model and modified Stokes formula. It is shown that the original Stokes formula, Earth gravity model and modified Stokes formula all theoretically experience different total terrain effects. Numerical results indicate that the total terrain effect is very significant for moderate topographies and mountainous regions. Absolute global mean values of 5–10 cm can be reached for harmonic expansions of the terrain to degree and order 360. In another experiment, we conclude that the most important part of the total terrain effect is the contribution from the second power of H, while the contribution from the third power term is within 9 cm. Received: 2 September 1996 / Accepted: 4 August 1997     

13.7米射电望远镜谱线观测系统的稳定性与观测时间的优化使用

本文介绍紫金山天文台青海13.7M毫米波射电望远镜谱线观测系统稳定性的测试,并讨论如何根据测试结果选择最佳观测模式与积分时间,以提高望远镜的使用效率。     

一个基于空间自相关性的土工参数推测公式

根据土的空间自相关性,提出一个表达简单且具有一定应用价值的土工参数推测公式,实测资料证明,该公式有比较高的推测精度。     

A new ellipsoidal gravimetric, satellite altimetry and astronomic boundary value problem, a case study: The geoid of Iran

A new gravimetric, satellite altimetry, astronomical ellipsoidal boundary value problem for geoid computations has been developed and successfully tested. This boundary value problem has been constructed for gravity observables of the type (i) gravity potential, (ii) gravity intensity (i.e. modulus of gravity acceleration), (iii) astronomical longitude, (iv) astronomical latitude and (v) satellite altimetry observations. The ellipsoidal coordinates of the observation points have been considered as known quantities in the set-up of the problem in the light of availability of GPS coordinates. The developed boundary value problem is ellipsoidal by nature and as such takes advantage of high precision GPS observations in the set-up. The algorithmic steps of the solution of the boundary value problem are as follows:

- Application of the ellipsoidal harmonic expansion complete up to degree and order 360 and of the ellipsoidal centrifugal field for the removal of the effect of global gravity and the isostasy field from the gravity intensity and the astronomical observations at the surface of the Earth.

- Application of the ellipsoidal Newton integral on the multi-cylindrical equal-area map projection surface for the removal from the gravity intensity and the astronomical observations at the surface of the Earth the effect of the residual masses at the radius of up to 55 km from the computational point.

- Application of the ellipsoidal harmonic expansion complete up to degree and order 360 and ellipsoidal centrifugal field for the removal from the geoidal undulations derived from satellite altimetry the effect of the global gravity and isostasy on the geoidal undulations.

- Application of the ellipsoidal Newton integral on the multi-cylindrical equal-area map projection surface for the removal from the geoidal undulations derived from satellite altimetry the effect of the water masses outside the reference ellipsoid within a radius of 55 km around the computational point.

- Least squares solution of the observation equations of the incremental quantities derived from aforementioned steps in order to obtain the incremental gravity potential at the surface of the reference ellipsoid.

- The removed effects at the application points are restored on the surface of reference ellipsoid.

- Application of the ellipsoidal Bruns’ formula for converting the potential values on the surface of the reference ellipsoid into the geoidal heights with respect to the reference ellipsoid.

- Computation of the geoid of Iran has successfully tested this new methodology.

High-resolution regional geoid computation without applying Stokes’s formula: a case study of the Iranian geoid

A new theory for high-resolution regional geoid computation without applying Stokess formula is presented. Operationally, it uses various types of gravity functionals, namely data of type gravity potential (gravimetric leveling), vertical derivatives of the gravity potential (modulus of gravity intensity from gravimetric surveys), horizontal derivatives of the gravity potential (vertical deflections from astrogeodetic observations) or higher-order derivatives such as gravity gradients. Its algorithmic version can be described as follows: (1) Remove the effect of a very high degree/order potential reference field at the point of measurement (POM), in particular GPS positioned, either on the Earths surface or in its external space. (2) Remove the centrifugal potential and its higher-order derivatives at the POM. (3) Remove the gravitational field of topographic masses (terrain effect) in a zone of influence of radius r. A proper choice of such a radius of influence is 2r=4×10⁴ km/n, where n is the highest degree of the harmonic expansion. (cf. Nyquist frequency). This third remove step aims at generating a harmonic gravitational field outside a reference ellipsoid, which is an equipotential surface of a reference potential field. (4) The residual gravitational functionals are downward continued to the reference ellipsoid by means of the inverse solution of the ellipsoidal Dirichlet boundary-value problem based upon the ellipsoidal Abel–Poisson kernel. As a discretized integral equation of the first kind, downward continuation is Phillips–Tikhonov regularized by an optimal choice of the regularization factor. (5) Restore the effect of a very high degree/order potential reference field at the corresponding point to the POM on the reference ellipsoid. (6) Restore the centrifugal potential and its higher-order derivatives at the ellipsoidal corresponding point to the POM. (7) Restore the gravitational field of topographic masses ( terrain effect) at the ellipsoidal corresponding point to the POM. (8) Convert the gravitational potential on the reference ellipsoid to geoidal undulations by means of the ellipsoidal Bruns formula. A large-scale application of the new concept of geoid computation is made for the Iran geoid. According to the numerical investigations based on the applied methodology, a new geoid solution for Iran with an accuracy of a few centimeters is achieved.Acknowledgments. The project of high-resolution geoid computation of Iran has been support by National Cartographic Center (NCC) of Iran. The University of Tehran, via grant number 621/3/602, supported the computation of a global geoid solution for Iran. Their support is gratefully acknowledged. A. Ardalan would like to thank Mr. Y. Hatam, and Mr. K. Ghazavi from NCC and Mr. M. Sharifi, Mr. A. Safari, and Mr. M. Motagh from the University of Tehran for their support in data gathering and computations. The authors would like to thank the comments and corrections made by the four reviewers and the editor of the paper, Professor Will Featherstone. Their comments helped us to correct the mistakes and improve the paper.