The Tibetan plateau, which results from continu- ous collision between India continent and southern Eurasia continent, is cross-cut by no less than three major east-west sutures[1—6]. Yarlung Zangbo suture, marked by one 1500km long ophiolite belt appearing at the southernmost Tibet, separates the Tethyan Hi- malaya to the south from the Lhasa block to the north. In order to understand the deep structure of Tibetan crust and the uplifting process of Tibetan Plateau, one wide-angle seismic… 相似文献
The existence of escape and nonescape orbits arbitrarily close to the homothetic equilateral triplecollision orbit is considered analytically in the threebody problem with zero initial velocities and equal masses. It is proved that escape orbits in the initial condition space are distributed around three kinds of isosceles orbits. It is also proved that nonescape orbits are distributed in between the escape orbits where different particles escape. In order to show this, it is proved that the homotheticequilateral orbit is isolated from other triplecollision orbits as far as the collision at the first triple encounter is concerned. Moreover, the escape criterion is formulated in the planarisosceles problem and translated into the words of regularizing variables. The result obtained by us explains the orbital structure numerically. 相似文献
Abstract. We examined the responses of two tropical sea urchins, Lytechinus variegatus and Tripneustes ventricosus, to cues from predators, simulated predation events and food. Cues released from damaged conspecifics, heterospecifics and heteroclassics (holothurian) were used to simulate predation events in field experiments. Responses to the presence of seagrass, spiny lobster or both were tested in tanks. Findings were supplemented by natural history observations of dispersion patterns off Bermuda. In field experiments, neither species formed groupings in the presence of conspecific, heterospecific or heteroclassic cues. Flight responses were greatest in conspecific treatments; responses to heterospecific cues were intermediate to control and conspecific cues. Urchins in pre‐assembled associations remained in groups in control trials but dispersed when exposed to predation cues. Lytechinus exhibited greater sensitivity to predation cues than Tripneustes. Cues from a damaged sea cucumber invoked a response from Lytechinus but not Tripneustes. Both species employed a two phased response to cues from damaged conspecifics: initially a rapid, but ephemeral (2 min), alarm response followed by a slower (≈ 35 % lower) sustained flight phase for 6+ min, which in nature would disperse urchins downstream and away from a predator. In tank experiments, Lytechinus formed groupings only around food or food + predators. The presence of a predator reduced the aggregation response to food, suggesting that Lytechinus employed a risk aversion strategy. Tripneustes exhibited escape or refractory behavior in both control and experimental treatments in laboratory tanks. 相似文献
The origin of periglacial involutions remains uncertain, largely because of the difficulties of field monitoring in modern permafrost regions. This paper describes an alternative approach, in which process studies are based on scaled centrifuge modelling of thawing ice-rich soils. Centrifuge scaling laws allow similitude in self-weight stresses between the model scale and the prototype (field) scale to be achieved. In these experiments, 120- to 130-mm-thick frozen models comprising a sand unit overlying ice-rich kaolinite clay (three models) or ice-rich silt (one model) were thawed under an acceleration of 20 gravities. The models were therefore equivalent to 2·4–2·6 m of frozen sediments (permafrost) at the prototype scale. Temperature profiles and porewater pressures during the thawing of each model are described. Porewater pressures significantly in excess of hydrostatic were not observed in the sand/silt model. In the sand/clay models, however, excess pressures developed rapidly after thawing, and observed fluctuations in pressure were interpreted as water-escape events. After thawing, careful sectioning of the models revealed small-scale deformation structures at the clay–sand interface, resulting from loading of the upper sand layer into very soft fluid-like clay and injection of clay upwards into the base of the sand. It is concluded that these experiments provide analogues for some Pleistocene involutions. Such involutions therefore mark phases of permafrost degradation when high porewater pressures caused loading and injection along sedimentary boundaries. 相似文献
Orogens oblique to the direction of plate convergence are currently attributed to obliquity between the margins of one or both of the sutured continents to their direction convergence. We use a single analogue experiment and natural examples to illustrate a potential additional factor: variations in strength of the indented continent at a high angle to the convergence direction. The wavelengths of structures in laterally shortened lithosphere depend on the strength of the most competent layers. Lateral variations in crustal thickness must therefore lead to structures oblique to any applied lateral compression.
An analogue experiment was performed to explore this phenomenon. A two-layer ‘indented continent’ was modelled by a brittle upper crust of sand above a lower crust of high-viscosity polymer floating on a single layer of low-viscosity syrup representing the mantle. The well-known strike-slip structures allowing lateral escape to distant weak boundaries were hindered by lateral boundaries in front of the indenter. This allowed us to focus on the effects of a thickness change built into the ‘indented continent’ along a zone parallel to the direction in which a vertical rigid wall advancing at a steady rate represented the indenter. Vertical escape led to an ‘orogenic belt’ oblique to the advancing wall; this obliquity influences subsequent lateral escape. Model scaling and interpretations are based on Extended Thin Sheet Approximation (ETSA) and standard theories of faulting.
Four sectors of the Alpine–Himalayan orogen (Iran, Tunisia, the Eastern Alps and the Himalaya) are oblique to the continental convergence direction, and we point to thickness changes at high angles to the suture that may account for this geometry. As crustal thicknesses north of oblique sectors of the Himalayas are not yet known, we speculate on them.
We infer from the main difference between our experiment and all our examples chosen from nature that vertical orogenic escape was oblique to our model suture but can be parallel to natural sutures. 相似文献
Most previous studies related to the recent tectonic development of southeastern Betic Cordillera, and in particular the south of Almería, agree with the kinematic variety that can be observed in the post-Miocene structures at different scales. This variety is difficult to explain if we consider only the regional stress field related to the convergence of the Eurasian and African plates that remained relatively steady over the last 9 Ma. This work proposes a block tectonics with horizontal and vertical relative movements driven by strike-slip movements of major faults to explain the variety of kinematics observed in the area from Middle Miocene to present. The combined activity of the Alpujarras fault zone (dextral strike-slip) and the Carboneras fault zone (sinistral strike-slip) induces, within the major block bounded by them, the squeezing of minor pre-existing fault bounded crustal blocks. This process generates traction areas inside the escaping block, which are linked with the existence of gradients of westward movement rate. This tectonics can explain some of the structures related with the extensional tectonics predominant in the south of Almería province and the development of the minor and major morphostructures driven by faults with different kinematics. The tectonics of blocks proposed is useful to give a coherent interpretation of apparently incoherent local structural data into a regional and homogeneous compressional stress field.Sadly, Professor José L. Hernández Enrile died in April 2003, and thus this paper represents his last thoughts on the topic. Reviews were addressed by the first author; however, some of the suggested changes were discussed to preserve Professor Hernández Enriless thoughts. 相似文献