Assessing the impacts of reservoir operation on downstream water diversions using a simplified flow model

ABSTRACT

The operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) affects the evolution of the interactions between the Yangtze River and Dongting Lake in China and water diversions from the river, which are essential to water resources management in this large river–lake system. Due to the lack of up-to-date and detailed channel topographic/bathymetric data, a simplified flow model based on rating curves was developed to simulate discharges in the river system, and to further quantify and differentiate the contributions of river erosion and flow regulation of the TGR at a seasonal scale. The results indicate that the effect of channel alteration counteracts the effect of reservoir regulation in the high-flow periods. The impacts of TGR regulation on water diversions for both pre- and post-flood seasons were significant, but no obvious changes in the discharge diversion ratios were observed on an annual time scale.     

Application of Principal Component Analysis and Spectral Angle Mapper in the Mapping of Hydrothermal Alteration in the Jebal–Barez Area,Southeastern Iran

The southeastern part of the central Iranian Cenozoic magmatic belt contains many areas with copper mineralization. In an analysis of this region, we used the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM⁺) images to map the distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks, based on their mineral assemblages. The spectral measurements, based on the field samples and satellite‐image‐derived spectra, show dominantly Al–OH (sericite and clays) and Fe–O absorption features in the visible–near infrared to shortwave infrared regions of the spectrum. Silica–bearing rocks, as well as silicic alteration, show an intense Si–O vibrational feature in the thermal infrared wavelength region. We analyzed ASTER/ETM⁺ images, performed a directed principal component analysis, and used spectral angle mapper to map areas of hydrothermal alteration and iron oxide/hydroxide minerals. The individual principal component images compiled by directed principal component analysis reveal the distribution of individual alteration minerals such as sericite, kaolinite, chlorite, epidote, and quartz. The best results, in terms of mapping the distribution of alteration, were obtained using the spectral angle mapper method. The altered areas were then sampled and the samples subjected to X–ray diffraction analysis, spectral analysis, and thin sections were observed under a microscope. Field observations reveal that more than 98% of the known copper mineralization occurs within the interpreted alteration areas. The present results indicate the great potential of ASTER and ETM⁺ data for mapping the distribution of alteration and exploring for copper mineralization in areas with a similar climate and geological setting to those of the present study.     

基于短波红外勘查技术的西藏甲玛铜多金属矿热液蚀变矿物分布模型研究

甲玛铜多金属矿是西藏冈底斯中段东部取得找矿突破的超大型矿床。通过短波红外测量,确定了矿体中热液蚀变矿物主要有白云母、绿泥石、黑云母、硬石膏、高岭石、地开石、黄玉和方解石。白云母与铜多金属矿化的关系密切,矿体厚度与贫铝白云母的样本数具有正相关关系,代表钾化带的黑云母分布趋势显示甲玛矿体的热源中心位于ZK2416-ZK3216一线以北的位置,富镁绿泥石分布在贫铝绢云母的外侧,与贫铝绢云母具有相同的热源中心指示意义。分布模型中缺少多硅白云母,显示矿区成矿的热源中心较深,因此作为剥蚀程度比较浅的甲玛斑岩系统而言,外围找矿潜力大。     

山西恒山巨晶状直闪石岩的成因:来自地球化学和Sm-Nd同位素的证据

山西恒山地区的巨晶状直闪石岩由石榴石、直闪石、蓝晶石、十字石、堇青石、石英、金红石、钛铁矿和少量斜长石和普通角闪石组成,岩石SiO2含量类似于中-基性岩,但比后者更富镁铁而贫钙和碱。岩石可分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ两种类型:Ⅰ类直闪石岩含有石榴石变斑晶,并相对低镁、钛和碱,而含有较高铝、铁,其高场强和稀土元素特征类似于岛弧玄武岩,岩石的143Nd/144Nd为0.511361～0.511894,tDM(Nd)=2.39～2.60Ga,Nd同位素特征与五台杂岩中的基性变质岩一致。Ⅱ类直闪石岩富含直闪石,一般不出现石榴石,相对高镁、钛和碱,而含有较低铝和铁,高场强和稀土元素特征类似于大洋中脊拉斑玄武岩。岩相学和地球化学对比表明,本区直闪石岩的原岩是由与五台杂岩变质基性岩类似的火山岩经受海水热液蚀变的产物,这种水热蚀变引起基性岩中钙、碱丢失和镁(铁)富集,并可能形成大量绿泥石等富水矿物。直闪石岩的现有矿物组合是经历高压角闪岩相变质和接续的等温降压作用形成的,其中巨晶结构是由于这种极富流体岩石在峰期之前的前进变质过程中大量脱水所致,与这种大量脱水伴随的变质分异作用导致了直闪石岩成分的进一步改造。     

华南富铀花岗岩和产铀花岗岩特征

文章简要叙述了我国南方5省(区)富铀花岗岩和产铀花岗岩概况,详细讨论了产铀花岗岩的主要特征:断裂构造发育,蚀变作用非常强烈,经常有二云母花岗岩出现,中基性和酸性脉岩比较发育。正是这些特征,决定了它们产出铀矿床的能力。     

Halogen signatures of biotites from the Maher-Abad porphyry copper deposit,Iran: characterization of volatiles in syn- to post-magmatic hydrothermal fluids

Copper and gold mineralization in the Maher-Abad area, eastern Iran, is closely related to multiple episodes of emplacement of a late Eocene granodiorite into a quartz-monzonitic stock and andesitic volcaniclastic rocks. Hypogene and supergene porphyry Cu–Au mineralization occurred within the porphyritic granodiorite and quartz-monzonite host rocks extensively altered into dominantly potassic, propylitic, phyllic, and argillic assemblages. Temperature and pressure estimates using the plagioclase–hornblende thermometer and Al-in-hornblende barometer indicate that the granodiorite intruded at 758 ± 10°C and 1.4 ± 0.2 kbar.

Biotites from the alteration zones have more variable Al^IV than those in the fresh granodiorite, but nearly all are close to the ideal phlogopite composition. Biotite compositions display an increase in Al₂O₃, FeO, TiO₂, and Cl, but a decrease in SiO₂ and F, from the porphyritic granodiorite and potassic to the transitional phyllic alteration zones. Biotite from the potassic zone (X _phl?=?0.63–0.67) possesses a moderate F content (0.53 to 0.82 wt.%) that is significantly higher than that in the phyllic zone (0.22 to 0.38 wt.%), exhibiting a positive correlation with X _Mg and negative correlation with Cl.

With a decrease in the temperature, log (fH₂O/fHF) and log (fH₂O/fHCl) values calculated for fluids equilibrated with biotite increase progressively from the granodiorite through the potassic to the phyllic zones, whereas log (fHF/fHCl) shifts towards more negative values. Fugacity ratio trends in the Maher-Abad porphyry copper deposit are quite similar to those of other porphyry copper systems. The decrease in halogen content of hydrothermal fluids towards outer parts of the deposits reflects an increase in the degree of mixing between magmatic fluid and meteoric water.     

内蒙古乌努格吐山斑岩型铜钼矿床元素迁移定量探讨

元素的富集贫化是矿床中固有的客观规律。在以往相关研究中, 研究者们多从定性的角度对此进行讨论, 定量研究不够系统。本文以内蒙古乌努格吐山斑岩型铜钼矿床为例, 利用Grant方程, 定量探讨了该矿床蚀变围岩中元素的带入、带出特征。结果表明, 不同元素的质量迁移在矿化蚀变范围内表现出一定的规律性, 相对于原岩而言, 各蚀变带中Cu、Mo、Au、Ag、W、Sn、As、F、Hg、S等表现为明显的带入特征, 而CaO、Na2O、TiO2、Zr、Ba、Sr、Rb和REE则表现为明显的带出特征。这些元素的带入带出导致矿床及蚀变围岩中元素的富集贫化。元素质量迁移定量计算思路和方法, 为地球化学勘查向定量化方向发展提供了可行的途径。     

Rubidium‐strontium geochronology of the encounter bay granite and adjacent Metasedimentary rocks,South Australia

Rubidium‐strontium and strontium isotope data for eight whole‐rock samples of granite varieties from the Encounter Bay area, South Australia, yield an isochron age of 487 ± 37 m.y. Two specimens of albitised granite, formed as a result of late‐stage metasomatic alteration of original megacrystic granite, conform to this isochron. These data support a genetic relation between granites and late‐stage metasomatic alteration as suspected from field, petrographical and geochemical studies. Eight samples from contiguous Kanmantoo Group metasedimentary rocks have an isochron age of 487 ± 60 m.y. Thus this metamorphic event is coincident with emplacement of the Encounter Bay Granite.

The initial Sr⁸⁷Sr⁸⁶ ratio for the Encounter Bay Granite (0.719) is significantly higher than initial ratios for the Palmer (0.709) and Anabama (0.705) Granites from the same region and can be attributed to either remobilisation or incorporation of strontium from older crustal material in the intrusion. The apparent initial Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratio for the Kanmantoo Group metasedimentary rocks (0.722) can not be distinguished from that for the Encounter Bay Granite within the analytical uncertainties. Compatability of ages and high initial Sr⁸⁷Sr⁸⁶ ratios suggest that the granites formed by remobilisation of associated crustal rock.     

Corrigendum: Geological setting and origin of fuchsite‐bearing rocks near Menzies,Western Australia

Quartz‐andalusite‐fuchsite rocks in an Archaean greenstone belt at Menzies, Western Australia, are described in their geological setting. They are shown to have developed from intense metasomatism of layered rocks of komatiitic composition. Ratios of the immobile components Al₂O₃, TiO₂, Cr, V and Zr are consistent, despite wide variations in their absolute values, and compare closely with those of an underlying komatiite suite. Marked depletion of Ca, Na, Mg and Fe has led to a strongly peraluminous composition and enhanced Cr values. Silicification and introduction of K has also occurred. Most of the metasomatism took place before peak metamorphism, and the mineral assemblage is now dominated by andalusite, fuchsite, and recrystallized quartz. Schlieren or vein‐like segregations rich in andalusite, chromite, rutile and minor sulphides and tourmaline are interpreted as the original fluid pathways, where concentration of immobiles was achieved through solution of mobile components, and volume loss. They have been termed residual veins. Metasomatism is believed to have taken place by synvolcanic processes analogous to those operating in modern hot spring systems. The rocks were severely modified by metamorphism and tectonism. The fuchsitic rocks at Menzies are compared to similar rocks in other areas.     

云南镇康芦子园铅锌矿成矿条件及赋存规律研究

云南省镇康芦子园铅锌矿为近年来发现的的超大型多金属矿床,矿体主要赋存于上寒武统沙河厂组中,受NE向断裂及其旁侧伴生构造所控制,空间上具有等间距侧伏分布的特征.围岩蚀变发育,矿化经历了中低温和中高温两个阶段,大理岩化、夕卡岩化、黄铁矿化、硅化及其蚀变叠加部位矿化强烈.成矿物质主要来源于含矿地层及深部隐伏岩体,通过对矿区含矿地层岩性、控矿断裂构造、围岩蚀变及矿石组构等地质特征的研究,认为该矿床的形成与多期（次）构造运动、岩浆热液活动有关,是一个具有多期次和多种矿质来源的热液夕卡岩型铅锌铁多金属矿床.