A Comparative Study of Landsat‐7 and Landsat‐8 Data Using Image Processing Methods for Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping

Comparing spaceborne satellite images of Landsat‐8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Landsat‐7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) was undertaken to investigate the relative accuracy of mapping hydrothermal alteration minerals. The study investigated the northern part of Rabor, which contains copper mineralization occurrences, and is located in the Kerman Cenozoic magmatic assemblage (KCMA), Iran. Image processing methods of band ratio, principal component analysis (PCA), and spectral angle mapper (SAM) were used to map the distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks associated with the porphyry copper mineralization. The band ratio combination of both sensors for mapping altered areas showed similar outcomes. PCA exposed variations in the spatial distribution of hydroxyl‐bearing minerals. The representation of hydrothermal areas using OLI data was more satisfactory than when using ETM+ data. SAM analysis found similar results for mapping hydroxyl‐bearing zones. Verification of the results came through ground investigation and laboratory studies. Rock samples (n = 56) were collected to validate results using thin sections, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and spectral analyses. Field observations and laboratory analysis revealed that phyllic and propylitic alterations dominate the alteration zones in the study area. Argillic and iron oxides/hydroxides alterations were observed to a lesser degree. The results indicate that alteration maps prepared by OLI data using PCA for visual interpretation are more suitable than those of ETM+ due to a higher radiometric resolution and lower interference between vegetation and altered areas. As the spectral bandwidth of ETM+ band 7 covers absorption feature of propylitic alteration, better mapping of propylitic alterations is achieved using ETM+ data.     

西藏驱龙超大型斑岩铜矿床:地质、蚀变与成矿

驱龙超大型矿床是一个产于后碰撞伸展环境下、与大洋俯冲无关的新型斑岩铜矿。文章通过对驱龙铜矿床地质、蚀变与矿化的详细研究,建立了驱龙中新世岩浆演化序列,初步查明了岩浆浅成侵位的构造控制要素,厘定了主要的围岩蚀变类型及空间展布规律,查明了引起各期蚀变事件的地质记录及矿化的空间分布规律,并探讨了成矿物质沉淀的机制,初步建立了该矿床的成矿模型。研究表明,驱龙铜矿中新世斑岩是闪长质深部岩浆房不断演化的产物,花岗闪长岩中新发现的、结晶时间为22.2Ma左右的闪长质包体可近似代表深部岩浆房组分,依次产出的花岗闪长岩、呈岩株或岩枝产出的P斑岩、X斑岩及最晚期的闪长玢岩(15.7±0.2)Ma,均为深部岩浆房连续演化的产物,岩浆持续6Ma左右。岩浆演化过程中角闪石、斜长石不断的结晶分异,导致了岩石常量元素、稀土元素及微量元素组成的规律性变化,斑岩埃达克质的特征也因岩浆演化过程中角闪石等矿物的不断结晶分异而引起。X斑岩中锆石的Hf同位素特征表明,岩石可能形成于新生下地壳的部分熔融。大面积产出的花岗闪长岩为驱龙铜矿最主要的含矿围岩,容纳了驱龙矿床70%以上的矿体,主要由斜长石、钾长石和石英组成,具花岗结构-似斑状结构,近EW向产出,其浅成就位可能受背斜控制,其后的各期斑岩均沿该侵位中心上侵,而冈底斯地壳中新世的快速抬升与剥蚀是导致含矿斑岩浅成侵位的根本原因;矿区内的SN向裂隙带既不控岩,也不控矿。浅成侵位的斑岩及深部岩浆房均发生了流体出溶。发生了大量流体出溶的深部岩浆房,是矿区早期蚀变流体的主要来源,显微晶洞构造及单向固结结构(UST)是流体出溶的地质记录。蚀变主要有3种类型,分别为早期的钾硅酸盐化、青磐岩化以及晚期的长石分解。钾硅酸盐化可分为2个阶段,即蚀变矿物以次生钾长石为主的早期钾硅酸盐化和以次生黑云母为主的晚期钾硅酸盐化。青磐岩化因产出的岩石类型不同,蚀变矿物组合具有明显差异性:产于叶巴组地层中的青磐岩化相对较强,蚀变矿物以绿帘石为主;产于花岗闪长岩中的青磐岩化相对较弱,蚀变矿物以绿泥石为主。晚期长石分解蚀变以破坏长石类矿物为特征,蚀变矿物主要为绢云母-绿泥石-粘土等。石英和硬石膏贯穿于上述各种蚀变中。空间上,钾硅酸盐化位于斑岩体及其周围地区,青磐岩化位于钾硅酸岩化外侧。后期形成的长石分解蚀变强烈叠加了早期钾硅酸盐化,介于钾硅酸盐化带与青磐岩化带之间。与早期钾长石化有关的脉体主要为不规则石英-钾长石脉,与晚期黑云母化有关的脉体主要为不规则至板状的石英-硬石膏脉、黑云母脉,与青磐岩化有关的脉体主要为板状的绿帘石-石英脉,与晚期长石分解蚀变有关的脉体主要为板状黄铜矿-黄铁矿脉及黄铁矿脉;在早期钾硅酸盐蚀变与晚期长石分解蚀变转换阶段,发育一组板状的石英-硫化物脉。早期不规则的脉体形成于斑岩结晶早期、矿区裂隙小规模发育阶段;晚期的板状脉体形成于斑岩弱固结或固结之后、矿区大规模连通裂隙发育阶段。驱龙矿区的铜矿化分布较为均一,主体产于花岗闪长岩中,其中,铜矿化主体形成于黑云母化蚀变阶段,转变阶段及长石分解阶段也有大量铜的形成;钼主要形成于转换阶段,长石分解蚀变阶段也有产出。黑云母化阶段,铜的沉淀与角闪石黑云母化、斜长石钾长石化过程中Ca2 的大量释放有关;转换阶段,铜钼矿化可能与压力和(或)温度骤降有关;晚期铜矿化与长石矿化蚀变阶段,斜长石绿泥石化、黑云母绿帘石化过程中Ca2 及Fe2 的释放有关。     

ASTER遥感数据蚀变遥感异常提取研究

基于ETM+/TM数据提取矿化蚀变遥感异常已趋于成熟, 而利用ASTER(先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪)遥感数据提取矿化蚀变遥感异常鲜有报道。本研究利用USGS波谱数据库中典型蚀变矿物反射率数据, 重建其在ASTER数据中波谱曲线研究表明, ASTER遥感数据可以提取Mg-OH、Al-OH、CO32?和Fe3+离子(基团)信息。热液矿床的蚀变围岩通常含有上述4种离子(基团), 它们的波谱特征是蚀变遥感异常提取的理论依据。本研究利用改进“去干扰异常主分量门限技术流程”, 以河北省承德地区和太行山区为例, 上述离子(基团)信息提取结果与野外实际分布相一致, 表明利用ASTER遥感数据提取上述4种离子(基团)信息是可靠的。     

庐枞盆地大倪庄铜矿床地质特征、成岩时代及成因探讨

大倪庄铜矿是庐枞盆地内部近年来发现的一处小型斑岩型矿床。本次工作以大倪庄铜矿为研究对象,基于详细的野外观察和系统的岩相学、矿相学工作,总结了矿床的蚀变特征,即主要发育:钾硅酸盐化、黄铁绢英岩化、青磐岩化、碳酸盐化蚀变;确定了矿化特征、矿物生成顺序并划分了成矿阶段,即:钾硅酸盐化阶段、硫化物阶段、碳酸盐化阶段,其中硫化物阶段可进一步划分为石英硫化物亚阶段、绿帘石-绿泥石亚阶段。通过对与成矿有关的侵入岩体(正长斑岩)采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得正长斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(126.6±1.8)Ma,形成时代为早白垩世,对应于盆地内双庙旋回岩浆侵入活动。通过与其他区域相似矿床对比分析,探究了此类矿床控矿因素,为该地区斑岩型铜矿找矿勘查提供参考。     

遥感蚀变信息定量提取方法在成矿预测中的应用——以西昆仑塔什库尔干地区为例

以遥感技术为手段、ETM影像为基础数据,解译了西昆仑塔什库尔干地区主要线、环构造,划分出北西、近南北和近东西向3组主要线性断裂.利用比值和主成分分析等方法,通过异常下限值圈定的数学模型定量提取了铁化、泥化和硅化蚀变信息.综合分析地质、矿产、地球化学及物、化探异常等资料,结合遥感构造解译和蚀变信息,优选了2个Ⅰ类找矿靶区...     

Alteration and mineralization styles of the orogenic disseminated Zhenyuan gold deposit,southeastern Tibet: Contrast with carlin gold deposit

Orogenic disseminated and Carlin gold deposits share much similarity in alteration and mineralization.The disseminated orogenic Zhenyuan Au deposit along the Ailaoshan shear zone,southeastern Tibet,was selected to clarify their difference.The alteration and mineralization from the different lithologies,including meta-quartz sandstone,carbonaceous slate,meta-(ultra)mafic rock,quartz porphyry and lamprophyre were researched.According to the mineral assemblage and replacement relationship in all types of host rocks,two reactions show general control on gold deposition:(1)replacement of earlier magnetite by pyrite and carbonaceous material;(2)alteration of biotite and phlogopite phenocrysts in quartz porphyry and lamprophyre into dolomite/ankerite and sericite.Despite the lamprophyre is volumetrically minor and much less fractured than other host rocks,it contains a large portion of Au reserve,indicating that the chemically active lithology has played a more important role in gold precipitation compared to structure.LA-ICP-MS analysis shows that Au mainly occurs as invisible gold in fine-grained pyrite disseminated in the host rocks,with Au content reaching to 258.95 ppm.The diagenetic core of pyrite in meta-quartz sandstone enriched in Co,Ni,Mo,Ag and Hg is wrapped by hydrothermal pyrite enriched in Cu,As,Sb,Au,Tl,Pb and Bi.Different host rock lithology has much impact on the alteration and mineralization features.Carbonate and sericite in altered lamprophyre show they have higher Mg than those developed in other of host rocks denoting that the carbonate and sericite incorporated Mg from phlogopite phenocrysts in the primary lamprophyre during alteration.The ore fluid activated the diagenetic pyrite in meta-quartz sandstone leading the hydrothermal pyrite enriched in Cu,Mo,Ag,Sb,Te,Hg,Tl,Pb and Bi,but the hydrothermal pyrite in meta-(ultra)mafic rock is enriched in Co and Ni as the meta-(ultra)mafic rock host rock contain high content of Co and Ni.However,Au and As shear similar range in both types of host rocks indicating that these two elements most likely come from the deep source fluid rather than the host rocks.It was shown in the disseminated orogenic gold deposit that similar hydrothermal alteration with mineral assemblage of carbonate(mainly dolomite and ankerite),sericite,pyrite and arsenopyrite develops in all types of host rocks.This is different from the Nevada Carlin type,in which alteration is mainly dissolution and silicification of carbonate host rock.On the other hand,Au mainly occur as invisible gold in both disseminated orogenic and Carlin gold deposits.     

西准噶尔白杨河铍铀矿床中铍与铀成生关系初探——来自围岩蚀变和矿石矿物接触关系的证据

与高硅富氟火成岩(流纹岩或花岗斑岩)有关的铍矿床中常伴有铀矿化,其成矿特色明显,是认识岩浆-岩浆热液-热液演化过程中铍与铀地球化学行为异同的理想对象,但其中铍与铀成矿的时空关系及成因关系尚不清楚。为了理解该类矿床中铍与铀的成生关系,并为区域内铍与铀的找矿勘查提供理论支撑,本文选取该类矿床的典型代表—西准噶尔白杨河铍铀矿床为研究对象,通过镜下观察、扫描电镜能谱和激光拉曼光谱分析,对矿区内单铍矿石、单铀矿石和铍铀矿石开展了系统的岩相和矿相学研究。结果显示,与铍矿化相关的围岩蚀变为钠长石化、电气石化、白云母化、萤石化、碳酸盐化和绿泥石化,与铀矿化相关的围岩蚀变为硅化、赤铁矿化、萤石化、伊利石化和锰矿化(含少量铅),且铍铀矿石中可见沥青铀矿切穿羟硅铍石的现象。结合铍与铀的地球化学行为和前人研究成果,认为白杨河铍铀矿床中铍矿化与铀矿化应是不同期热液作用的结果:铍矿化可能是花岗斑岩深部岩浆房分异的岩浆热液在不断演化过程中形成的,而铀矿化可能与后期流体(如幔源流体、加热循环的大气降水等)的淋滤作用有关。     

相山铀矿田典型蚀变矿物地面光谱特征研究

利用光谱特征进行岩石矿物分析受到了国内外研究者的广泛关注,大多数蚀变矿物如赤铁矿、水云母等在可见光-近红外-短波红外波段具有诊断性强的波谱特征。因此,利用典型岩石矿物光谱特征可为矿产资源勘查与评价提供一种新的手段和方法。本文对相山铀矿田蚀变矿物进行光谱测量,经数据处理获得了不同典型蚀变岩石矿物的反射率光谱曲线。通过对这些光谱曲线特征的分析研究,提出了影响岩石矿物反射率的因素,探讨了水云母、萤石、赤铁矿等典型蚀变岩石的反射率曲线特征,并建立了相应的典型蚀变矿物光谱识别模型。     

新疆西天山高硫化型京希-伊尔曼德金矿床的识别标志及其找矿意义

经过详细的野外地质勘查、热液蚀变及蚀变矿物学研究，流体包裹体和同位素研究，首次将西天山京希－伊尔曼德金矿床确定为高硫化型浅成低温热液金矿床。该矿床的主要识别标志为：发育以多孔状石英为特征的硅化蚀变带和高级泥化蚀变带；成矿流体性质为低盐度[W(NaCl)为0.3-4.2%]、低pH值（3－4）和高氧化态；氧同位素δ（^18O)为1.7 ‰-4.3‰,δ(D)为－60‰--80‰。金主要富集在高级泥化带和中心硅化蚀变带内。系统研究和总结了成矿地质－地球化学制约因素以及区域、靶区和勘探区尺度的找矿标志。     

厄立特里亚Augaro金矿床碳氢氧硫同位素特征及其成因意义

厄立特里亚Augaro金矿床产于努比亚地盾新元古代变质火山岩中,矿体主要赋存于片理化安山岩内,受北北东向断裂与近东西向次级断裂控制。对矿床主要含金石英脉型矿石与蚀变岩型矿石进行碳氢氧硫同位素研究显示,成矿流体的δD_w-H2O范围为-68.7‰～-49.4‰,δ¹⁸O_w-H2O范围为-1.9‰～4.9‰,δ¹³C_V-PBD范围为-15.9‰～-10.9‰,石英脉型金矿石硫同位素组成以较小的正值为特征,变化范围为0.18‰～0.63‰,而蚀变岩型金矿石硫同位素组成偏低,以较大负值为特征,变化范围为-7.07‰～-6.86‰,表明Augaro金矿床成矿流体主要来源于变质热液,伴有岩浆水与大气降水的混合,矿区地层与岩浆物质为金矿床的形成提供大量成矿物质。