热带太平洋西风异常对ENSO事件发生的作用

本文从观测资料对80年代两次ENSO事件产生过程中，热带太平洋西风异常及其对赤道中、东太平洋表层海温增暖的作用进行了分析和比较。分析结果表明:在这两次ENSO事件的产生过程中，赤道西太平洋上空均有较大的西风异常，并且它由赤道西太平洋向赤道中、东太平洋传播，随着西风异常从西向东传播，赤道中、东太平洋的表层相继增温。分析还表明，1982／1983年ENSO事件发生过程中，热带太平洋西风异常的强度要比1986／1987年热带太平洋西风异常强得多，这使得1982／1983 ENSO事件的强度比1986／1987_ENSO事件强得多。为了说明热带西太平洋西风异常对赤道中、东太平洋ENSO事件发生的作用，本文还利用IAP太平洋环流模式对西风异常在ENSO事件产生过程中的作用进行了数值模拟。模拟的结果说明了热带太平洋的西风异常对赤道太平洋暖水的向东传播和赤道中、东太平洋的增温起了很重要作用，这与观测事实分析一致。     

南海海域浮游植物叶绿素与海表温度季节变化特征分析

利用 Sea WiFS卫星遥感叶绿素质量浓度及TRMM微波遥感海表温度产品, 研究了南海海表叶绿素a的季节变化特征及其同海表温度的关系。研究结果表明, 南海叶绿素质量浓度具有很强的季节变化:通常低叶绿素质量浓度(<0.12 mg·m^-3)出现在弱风高海表温度(>28°C)的春、夏季节;高叶绿素质量浓度(>0.13 mg·m^-3)通常出现在有较强风速和较低海表温度(<27°C)的冬季。线性回归分析显示, 南海叶绿素质量浓度同海表温度呈显著负相关。尽管在南海南部、南海中部、南海西部及吕宋西北部4个代表子区域的显著性有所差异, 但都暗示温度变化所反映的垂向层化调控了营养盐质量浓度和浮游植物量变化。可见, 温度可能是影响海洋上层稳定程度及垂向交换强度的重要指标, 从而可能调控营养盐及浮游植物的变化。     

最优插值全球海表温度数据格式分析及显示方法

介绍了最优插值全球海表温度数据;分析了NetCDF的特点,实现了利用ArcGIS和Matlab读取并显示NetCDF海表温度数据的方法。     

高分五号热红外传感器多通道SST反演

2018-05高分五号（GF-5）卫星发射升空,其上搭载的全谱段成像仪在热红外8—13 μm谱段范围内具有4个温度反演通道（B09,B10,B11,B12）,空间分辨率设计优于40 m,在国内民用传感器领域实现了由单通道向多通道、中空间分辨率向高空间分辨率的跨越式突破,使得GF-5卫星热红外数据在地表热环境遥感领域具有极其重要应用价值。本研究基于GF-5的4个热红外通道的通道响应函数,利用全球742条TIGR（Thermodynamic Initial Guess Retrieval）探空廓线数据,进行不同观测角度、水汽含量和海表发射率条件下的MODTRAN4.0（Moderate resolution atmospheric Transmittance and Radiance code4.0)辐射传输过程模拟,基于模拟结果分别对两通道、三通道和四通道劈窗算法海表温度SST（ Sea Surface Temperature）反演系数进行修订,并分析观测角度、水汽含量和海表发射率对不同通道组合的精度影响,并通过GF-5卫星实际反演的SST结果进行验证。GF-5全谱段成像仪SST反演两通道劈窗算法组合共有6种,即B09-B10、B09-B11、B09-B12、B10-B11、B10-B12、B11-B12;三通道劈窗算法组合共有4种,即B09-B10-B11、B09-B10-B12、B09-B11-B12、B10-B11-B12;四通道劈窗算法组合1种,即B09-B10-B11-B12。通过对不同通道组合形式研究发现,水汽含量对SST反演精度有较大的影响,且温度反演的精度随着水汽含量的增加而降低;其次是观测角度,SST反演精度随着观测天顶角的增大而降低;最后是发射率的影响,两通道、三通道和四通道劈窗算法SST反演精度随着发射率的变化总体在0.1 K以内变化。最后以大亚湾核电站周围海域为验证区,用GF-5热红外遥感影像进行SST的反演并做误差分析,结果表明B09-B10通道SST反演实际误差为0.57 K,反演精度较高,实际误差与理论模拟误差相差0.24 K,差异的来源主要包括辐射定标和传感器噪声等要素影响,其他通道形式反演精度有待于传感器响应稳定后进一步验证。     

X波段雷达海面回波谱宽特征研究

海面电磁回波频谱宽度与海浪波高密切相关,可应用频谱宽度进行海浪有效波高反演。本文应用线性滤波法仿真出了海表散射面元在雷达视向上的投影速度,建立了回波谱宽模型,分析了雷达空间分辨率、回波时间序列长度及海洋环境参数等因素对频谱宽度的影响,同时还针对如何在实际观测过程中选择回波时间序列长度、观测方位角等参数进行了讨论。最后还将理论结果与CSIR-X波段雷达实测数据谱宽估计结果进行了比较。结果表明,剔除雷达噪声以及频率泄露的影响后,基于高斯分布标准偏差的谱宽估计方法所得结果与理论结果吻合很好,这从而证明了理论结果的可靠性。本文所得结果对海浪有效波高反演具有一定参考价值。     

Charge distribution on the atmospheric aerosol over the North Atlantic and the Indian Ocean

The distribution of electric charge on the marine aerosol was determined near the sea surface of the Indian Ocean and the North Atlantic during the final stage of the Snellius II-expedition. Mean values for small ion concentrationsn ⁺=455 cm^–3 andn ^–=340 cm^–3 were found over the Atlantic, whilen ⁺=310 andn ^–=250 cm^–3 were the mean values over the Indian Ocean. The ration ⁺/n^– increased from 1.2 to 2.0 with decreasing wind velocity. At wind velocities below 5 m/s 75% of the net space charge near the ocean surface was found to be carried by small ions.     

Choppy waters ahead in “a sea of peace cooperation and friendship”?: Slow progress towards the application of maritime joint development to the East China Sea

China and Japan’s June 2008 agreement in principle on maritime cooperation in the East China Sea raised hopes of a significant breakthrough in the parties' complex and long-standing disputes in the area. Subsequent progress towards the realisation of a legally binding, formal treaty on, for example, offshore petroleum joint development has been slow to materialise. In fact, the area under dispute appears to have become more rather than less extensive. This paper examines competing maritime and sovereignty claims in the East China Sea together with progress towards maritime cooperation in the context of overlapping jurisdictional claims. The paper identifies some of the key challenges that need to be overcome in realizing a functioning joint resource management regime in the East China Sea.     

Identification and characterization of 43 microsatellite markers derived from expressed sequence tags of the sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is a commercially and ecologically important species in China. A total of 3056 potential unigenes were generated after assembling 7597 A. japonicus expressed sequence tags (ESTs) downloaded from Gen-Bank. Two hundred and fifty microsatellite-containing ESTs (8.18%) and 299 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected. The average density of SSRs was 1 per 7.403 kb of EST after redundancy elimination. Di-nucleotide repeat motifs appeared to be the most abundant type with a percentage of 69.90%. Of the 126 primer pairs designed, 90 amplified the expected products and 43 showed polymorphism in 30 individuals tested. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 26 with an average of 7.0 alleles, and the observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.067 to 1.000 and from 0.066 to 0.959, respectively. These new EST-derived microsatellite markers would provide sufficient polymorphism for population genetic studies and genome mapping of this sea cucumber species.     

A study of microearthquake seismicity and focal mechanisms within the Sea of Marmara (NW Turkey) using ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs)

We have carried out seismological observations within the Sea of Marmara (NW Turkey) in order to investigate the seismicity induced after Gölcük–İzmit (Kocaeli) earthquake (M_w 7.4) of August 17, 1999, using ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs). High-resolution hypocenters and focal mechanisms of microearthquakes have been investigated during this Marmara Sea OBS project involving deployment of 10 OBSs within the Çınarcık (eastern Marmara Sea) and Central-Tekirdağ (western Marmara Sea) basins during April–July 2000. Little was known about microearthquake activity and their source mechanisms in the Marmara Sea. We have detected numerous microearthquakes within the main basins of the Sea of Marmara along the imaged strands of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF). We obtained more than 350 well-constrained hypocenters and nine composite focal mechanisms during 70 days of observation. Microseismicity mainly occurred along the Main Marmara Fault (MMF) in the Marmara Sea. There are a few events along the Southern Shelf. Seismic activity along the Main Marmara Fault is quite high, and focal depth distribution was shallower than 20 km along the western part of this fault, and shallower than 15 km along its eastern part. From high-resolution relative relocation studies of some of the microearthquake clusters, we suggest that the western Main Marmara Fault is subvertical and the eastern Main Marmara Fault dips to south at 45°. Composite focal mechanisms show a strike-slip regime on the western Main Marmara Fault and complex faulting (strike-slip and normal faulting) on the eastern Main Marmara Fault.