Use of Fuzzy Membership Input Layers to Combine Subjective Geological Knowledge and Empirical Data in a Neural Network Method for Mineral-Potential Mapping

Use of GIS layers, in which the cell values represent fuzzy membership variables, is an effective method of combining subjective geological knowledge with empirical data in a neural network approach to mineral-prospectivity mapping. In this study, multilayer perceptron (MLP), neural networks are used to combine up to 17 regional exploration variables to predict the potential for orogenic gold deposits in the form of prospectivity maps in the Archean Kalgoorlie Terrane of Western Australia. Two types of fuzzy membership layers are used. In the first type of layer, the statistical relationships between known gold deposits and variables in the GIS thematic layer are used to determine fuzzy membership values. For example, GIS layers depicting solid geology and rock-type combinations of categorical data at the nearest lithological boundary for each cell are converted to fuzzy membership layers representing favorable lithologies and favorable lithological boundaries, respectively. This type of fuzzy-membership input is a useful alternative to the 1-of-N coding used for categorical inputs, particularly if there are a large number of classes. Rheological contrast at lithological boundaries is modeled using a second type of fuzzy membership layer, in which the assignment of fuzzy membership value, although based on geological field data, is subjective. The methods used here could be applied to a large range of subjective data (e.g., favorability of tectonic environment, host stratigraphy, or reactivation along major faults) currently used in regional exploration programs, but which normally would not be included as inputs in an empirical neural network approach.     

胶东西北部地区金矿床铅同位素特征及其地质意义

胶东地区不同类型金银、铅锌矿床及交代—深熔花岗岩三者的铅同位素特征相似,皆为来自铀针亏损型源区的多阶段铅。在Pb~(207)/Pb~(204)-Pb~(206)/Pb~(204)图解上,它们的投影点可拟合成一条直线。据此,并根据大量的K-Ar、U-Pb、Rb-Sr和Ar~(30)-Ar~(40)年龄数据,得t_1=3.2Ga,t_2=0.15Ga,μ_1=7.07～8.17,W_1=29.16～35.80,Th/U=3.97～4.52。矿石铅与胶东群变质岩岩石铅同位素统计对比表明,金银、铅锌和交代—深熔花岗岩中的铅皆来自再活化的下地壳源铅。     

The shipway limestone of gower: Sedimentation on a storm-dominated early carboniferous ramp

A detailed sedimentary study of the Lower Carboniferous (Courceyan) Shipway Limestone Formation at Three Cliffs Bay on the Gower Peninsula (South Wales) has shown that the bioclastic limestones represent a storm-dominated sequence that contains the storm-related sedimentary structure hummocky cross-stratification (HCS). Conformably overlying the Shipway Limestone is a cross-stratified oolitic sandbody with evidence of subaerial exposure. Six sedimentary lithofacies are identified in these two formations which record a distal to proximal, shallowing-upward trend that passes from beneath mean wave-base to above fairweather wave-base. The shallow marine facies model constructed by Wu (1982) from his study of the Lower Carboniferous limestone sequences of South Wales is re-evaluated. Modifications proposed for the model include the addition of two distal tempestite facies and a proximal oolite sand body. The Shipway Limestone and Brofiscin Oolite record the first major, basin-wide, shallowing-upward phase of the Lower Carboniferous in South Wales.     

Palaeokarst and rauhwacke development,mountain uplift and subaerial sliding of tectonic sheets (northern Sierra de los Filabres,Betic Cordilleras,Spain)

The rauhwackes near Serón in the northern Sierra de los Filabres (S Spain), previously considered as true tectonic breccias, are reinterpreted on the basis of sedimentological, geomorphological and geometrical evidence as subaerial or nearly subaerial sedimentary deposits. Channel fills, parallel lamination, cross-lamination, graded bedding, sedimentary clastic dykes and other sedimentary structures and features occur in the rauhwacke body. These sedimentary rocks correspond to continental deposits of alluvial and karstic origin deposited over a karstified erosional surface of Nevado–Filabride marbles. Although no fossils have been found in the rauhwackes, a Tortonian age for these rocks is suggested on the basis of structural arguments and lithostratigraphic data from the nearby Almanzora basin. The rauhwackes were buried by slabs of Alpujarride rocks that gravitationally slid over them during the uplifting of the Sierra de los Filabres.     

广东省典型铜矿床区域地球化学异常特征

广东省铜矿床具产地分散、类型多样、储量集中的特点。以八个典型铜矿床为例,探讨铜异常及其元素组合特征,得出:①铜富集部位对已知矿的反映较好;②规模相似的不同类型铜矿床,其铜异常面积相近,但铜平均含量差异较大;③斑岩型铜矿的Cu、Mo、Sb组合,岩浆热液型、矽卡岩型、复成因型铜矿的Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、Cd、Bi、Mo、W、Sn、Mn组合,火山岩型铜矿的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ag、As组合较稳定。这些结论为进一步了解广东省铜矿的成矿规律及开展地质勘查、地质评价工作提供了一定的科学依据。     

某钼-铀矿床矿化特征及成因类型探讨

矿床产于中元古代地层中。矿区内酸性脉岩发育,常密集成带,矿床受穿过脉岩带的构造破碎带控制。矿化岩石主要为构造碎裂岩和角砾岩,其原岩为长英质脉岩、变石英砂岩、变安山岩、板岩及粉砂岩等。矿化以裂隙充填为主,对围岩化学成分的选择性不大。围岩蚀变有:绢云母化、硅化、钾长石化、黑云母化、黄铁矿化、赤铁矿化及水合多水高岭石化等。铀矿物主要为沥青铀矿、铀黑、铀石,其次有钛铀矿、水铀矾,含铀矿物有锐钛矿、金红石、赤铁矿、水合多水高岭石和褐铁矿等;其它金属矿物主要有辉钼矿、黄铁矿、方铅矿和黄铜矿。矿石具脉状、角砾状、块状和浸染状构造,沥青铀矿具胶状结构。矿床中钼的储量远大于铀,铀矿体产于钼矿体之中或其边部。通过室内、外研究,可以认为本矿床为与中酸性小侵入体有关的中-低温热液成因的钼-铀型复合矿床。     

桂东南破碎带蚀变岩型金银矿床成矿规律和找矿标志

桂东南混合岩区破碎带蚀变岩型金银矿床在混合岩田高、低级变质带过渡部位成矿,与燕山期混合花岗岩关系密切,赋矿空间为NE-NNE向构造断裂破碎带,常含方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿等金属硫化物.宽大的蚀变破碎带和黄铁绢英岩化蚀变是找矿的直接标志.     

新疆第四纪盐类矿产的形成和控制因素——兼论“高山深盆”成盐模式

根据袁见齐教授“高山深盆”成盐模式,探讨新疆天山对第四纪盐类矿床的形成和控制作用,阐述了天山地貌、气候、水文特征与盐类矿产的分布规律和特征。认为“高山深盆”并非一定是四周环山的深盆,可以是某一高山与其间深盆或两侧盆地的有机组合。高山的屏障作用造成了垂直的气候分带,在潮湿多雨的山区利于成盐组份的析出并迁移到干旱少雨的闭流深盆中,形成盐类矿床。     

新疆库松木切克山喇嘛萨依式铜矿的勘查标志

本文通过对库松木切克山喇嘛萨依铜矿地质特征及控矿因素的研究,总结出该类矿床的若干勘查标志,其中地层层位、含矿岩相、地球化学异常、容矿岩石、围岩蚀变、活化脉体及同生断裂等最为明显。在区域内如能确定出这些标志,尤其是标志组合的存在,则将可能取得该类矿床找矿的新突破。     

活化断层对加拿大阿萨巴斯卡盆地不整合型铀矿的控制

先存断层的活化对许多热液矿床的形成起到至关重要的作用。加拿大阿萨巴斯卡盆地的不整合型铀矿是一个受活化断层控制矿床的典型例子。该铀矿产于基底与盆地砂岩之间的不整合面附近,并与根植于基底的断层密切相关。这些控矿基底断层切穿并错动了盆地的不整合面。一系列证据表明这些基底断层以韧性的方式形成于盆地之前,但在盆地形成之后又发生脆性活化,而正是这种断层活化作用控制铀矿的产出。先存断层作为完整岩石中的薄弱位置,在后期构造运动中,其活化比产生新断层更容易发生。数值模拟表明在后期挤压构造运动中,有先存基底断层的不整合面被显著错动,而无先存断层的不整合面并没有错动。基底断层的脆性活化,不仅在活化过程中为流体提供了驱动力,而且由于活化导致岩石渗透率的提高,为后期的流体流动提供了通道以及容矿场所,形成阿萨巴斯卡盆地的不整合型铀矿。