Acervulinid macroid and rhodolith facies in the Eocene Nummulitic Limestone of the Dauphinois Domain (Maritime Alps,Liguria, Italy)

The Eocene Nummulitic Limestone of the Dauphinois domain in the Argentina Valley (Maritime Alps, Liguria, Italy) is characterized by the local presence of carbonate ramp facies rich in acervulinid macroids, rhodoliths and larger foraminifera. The development of these particular facies is mainly controlled by palaeomorphology of the substratum, tectonics, type and amount of terrigenous supply and global sea level changes.

The Upper Cretaceous to Eocene succession outcropping in the Argentina Valley shows differences in facies and age if compared to the typical succession of the Maritime Alps:

• the Cretaceous substratum is younger (early Maastrichtian) and is followed by an unconformity that is interpreted as a submarine discontinuity surface;
• the first Eocene carbonate deposits are older (late Lutetian);
• the Nummulitic Limestone is characterized by the development of carbonate facies deposited in a deep infralittoral-circalittoral setting of a carbonate ramp, sheltered from terrigenous input; in these facies encrusting foraminifera (Solenomeris) replace calcareous red algae in nodules similar to rhodoliths (acervulinid macroids);
• the Nummulitic Limestone is thicker than usual, reaching 110–160 m of thickness.

The Eocene tectonostratigraphic evolution can be summarized as follow: (1) synsedimentary tectonic activity that causes the development of a carbonate ramp with an adjacent structural trough where ramp-derived bioclastic material is deposited (late Lutetian); (2) interruption of the tectonic activity and uniform deposition of deep circalittoral sediments, characterized by deepening upward trend (late Lutetian?); (3) regression indicated by an abrupt shallowing of the depositional setting (Bartonian); and (4) deepening of the depositional setting, ending with the drowning of the carbonate ramp (late Bartonian).The evolution of the Eocene Argentina Valley succession is strongly influenced by tectonics related to the Alpine foreland basin development, but locally, and during definite time intervals, the global sea level changes could be recorded by the sediments during periods of stasis in tectonic activity. The regressive events recognized in the studied succession could be related to the sea level fall reported in the global sea level curve during the Bartonian.     

近岸水下扇扇中厚砂体储层构型及对剩余油控制——以南襄盆地泌阳凹陷古近系核桃园组三段四砂组2小层为例

南襄盆地泌阳凹陷赵凹油田安棚主体区古近系核桃园组三段四砂组2小层(H3_IV2)为厚层近岸水下扇扇中砂体沉积,不同期次沟道砂体相互切割叠置,形成复杂的空间结构样式,极大影响了油田开发。亟需开展厚层砂体内部结构解剖,揭示不同期次沟道砂体分布,明确其结构样式对油水运动影响及剩余油分布控制。本文以储层构型要素分析法为指导,综合利用岩芯、测井、生产动态资料,对近岸水下扇扇中厚砂体构型进行了精细刻画。通过研究明确了研究层段构型界面6级级次划分方案,建立了复合辫状沟道内部单砂体边界的垂向和侧向识别标志,其中垂向边界识别标志有泥质类岩性界面和底冲刷界面2种,侧向边界的识别标志包括不同单砂体的顶面高程差异、厚度差异、测井曲线形态差异等5种;在单砂体识别的基础上开展了目的层厚砂体井间构型分布规律研究,将复合辫状沟道砂体解剖为单一期次辫状沟道砂体,明确了各单期辫状沟道砂体的展布特征,并统计分析了辫状沟道单砂体构型单元的特征参数;通过上述研究总结了研究区单砂体构型单元接触样式,主要包括孤立式、叠加式、叠切式3种垂向接触样式和分离式、对接式、侧切式3种平面接触样式;分析了单砂体对剩余油的控制作用,研究发现4级构型单元内部韵律性以及构型单元之间接触样式对油水运动有重要影响,是造成剩余油富集的两个重要因素。     

Tectono-stratigraphic evolution and hydrocarbon exploration in the Eocene Southern Lufeng Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea

The structural evolution and stratigraphic architecture of the Southern Lufeng Depression in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea show two second-order sequences (SSQ1 and SSQ2) and nine third-order sequences (WSQ1-5 and ESQ1-4) within the Eocene rift-related successions. Based on integrated interpretations of seismic reflections, well logs and core data, five distinct tectono-stratigraphic patterns are identified: (1) the initial synrift-I sequence (WSQ1) of low tectonic subsidence, overfilled by alluvial fan or fan-delta deposits and volcanic deposits, with no clear systems tracts; (2) the climax synrift-I sequences (WSQ2–4) developed in response to rapid tectonic subsidence, generally consisting of a low-stand systems tract (LST), transgressive systems tract (TST) and high-stand systems tract (HST); (3) the late synrift-I sequence (WSQ5) characterised by a decreased tectonic subsidence rate, dominated by braided delta, deep and shallow lacustrine sediments, mainly constructed by TST and HST; (4) the early synrift-II sequences (ESQ1–2) rapidly filled by braided deltaic sandstone and mainly composed of TST and HST with less common LST units; and (5) the late synrift-II sequences (ESQ3–4), which are totally filled by braided deltaic system in a shallow-water lake setting, presenting typical imbricate clinoforms or sub-parallel seismic configurations, consisting of only TST and HST components. During the climax stage of synrift-I development, the depositional setting changed from a prominent shallow lake (WSQ2) to a deep-lucustrine with turbiditic deposits (WSQ3) and finally dominated by mostly braided deltaic-shallow lacustrine deposits (WSQ4); the HST occupies an increasing proportion from early to late. Furthermore, the stratigraphic patterns, especially LST units of the climax synrift-I stage, are significantly influenced by topographic variations and slope-break belt types in the hanging dip-slope. This study reveals that the spatial and temporal evolution of lacustrine depositional and stratigraphic patterns were significantly controlled by the interplay of tectonic subsidence and sediment supply, and provides a fundamental basis for predicting the favourable reservoirs and geometry of source rocks related to the general variability of Eocene rift-related tectonic subsidence in the Southern Lufeng Depression of the Pearl River Mouth Basin. Furthermore, the topographic responses of differential active fault-stepped patterns associated with magma intrusions, highlight the variability of relevant sequence architectures in the hanging dip-slope in lacustrine rift basins.     

Eocene melting of subducting continental crust and early uplifting of central Tibet: Evidence from central-western Qiangtang high-K calc-alkaline andesites, dacites and rhyolites

Changes in oceanic O–Sr isotopic compositions and global cooling beginning in the Eocene are considered to have been caused by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. The specific timing and uplift mechanism, however, have long been subjects of debate. We investigated the Duogecuoren lavas of the central-western Qiangtang Block, which form the largest outcrops among Cenozoic lavas in northern-central Tibet and have widely been considered as shoshonitic. Our study demonstrates, however, that most of these lavas are high-K calc-alkaline andesites, dacites and rhyolites. Moreover, they are characterized by high Sr (367–2472 ppm) and Al₂O₃ (14.55–16.86 wt.%) and low Y (3.05–16.9 ppm) and Yb (0.31–1.48 ppm) contents and high La/Yb (27–100) and Sr/Y (48–240) ratios, similar to adakitic rocks derived by partial melting of an eclogitic source. They can be further classified as either peraluminous and metaluminous subtypes. The peraluminous rocks have relatively high SiO₂ (> 66 wt.%) contents, and low MgO (< 1.0 wt.%), Cr (4.94–23.3 ppm) and Ni (2.33–17.0 ppm) contents and Mg^# (20–50) values, while the metaluminous rocks exhibit relatively low SiO₂ (55–69 wt.%) contents, and high MgO (1.41–6.34), Cr (25.7–383 ppm), Ni (14.13–183 ppm) and Mg^# (46–69) values, similar to magnesian andesites. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating reveal that both peraluminous and metaluminous adakitic rocks erupted in the Eocene (46–38 Ma). Paleocene–Early Miocene thrust faults and associated syn-contractional basin deposits in the Qiangtang Block suggest that this region was undergoing crustal shortening within a continent during the Eocene. The low ε_Nd (− 2.81 to − 6.91) and high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7057–0.7097), Th (11.2–32.3 ppm) and Th/La (0.23–0.88) values in the Duogecuoren adakitic rocks further indicate that they were not derived by partial melting of subducted oceanic crust. Taking into account tectonic and geophysical data and the compositions of xenoliths in Cenozoic lava in northern-central Tibet, we suggest that the peraluminous adakitic rocks were most probably derived by partial melting of subducted sediment-dominated continent of the Songpan-Ganzi Block along the Jinsha suture to the north at a relatively shallow position (the hornblende + garnet stability field), but the metaluminous adakitic rocks likely originated from the interaction between peraluminous adakitic melts generated at greater depths (the garnet + rutile stability field) and mantle. Because the Duogecuoren adakitic rocks must have originated from a garnet-bearing (namely, eclogite facies) source, Eocene continental subduction along the Jinsha suture caused the thickening of the Qiangtang crust. Given that crustal thickening generally equates with elevation, the uplift of the Central Tibetan Plateau probably began as early as 45–38 Ma, which provides important evidence for tectonically driven models of oceanic O–Sr isotope evolution during global cooling and Asian continental aridification beginning in the Eocene.     

海南岛长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物区系

海南岛长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物区系共计种子植物32科40属,蕨类植物8科11属。分析其中的种子植物区系成分并与海南岛现代植物区系进行对比,结果显示：（1）在科级水平,长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物区系以泛热带科占优势,为37.5%;热带-亚热带科占6.25%;而亚热带-温带科所占比例相对较高,达到31.25%。海南岛现代植物区系泛热带科高达48.07%,热带-亚热带科的比例也达到18.88%,而亚热带-温带科仅占15.88%。显然,长昌盆地始新世植物区系的组成亚热带性质较强。（2）在属级水平,长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物区系泛热带属占7.5%;热带-亚热带属占17.5%;而亚热带-温带属多达67.5%。海南岛现代植物区系泛热带属高达23.9%,热带-亚热带属更是高达57.5%,而亚热带-温带属仅占13.7%。对比表明,长昌盆地始新世植物区系明显以亚热带-温带性质为主,甚至出现了很多现今生活在较高海拔的山地植物,如冷杉（Abies）和铁杉（Tsuga）等。科属组成的分析表明,海南岛长昌盆地始新世的气温比现代要低,其周缘地带很可能分布有较高的山地。     

A new Eocene catostomid (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) from northeastern China and early divergence of Catostomidae

A new Eocene catostomid genus and species, Plesiomyxocyprinus arratiae, is described from Huadian, Jilin Province, northeastern China. The materials include a nearly complete skeleton, dozens of pharyngeal bones with teeth, and a number of disarticulated bones. The new articulated specimen is large-sized and deep-bodied, with an estimated standard length of ca. 300 mm and body depth of 156 mm or about half of its standard length. The assignment of the fish to the Catostomidae is based on its falciform pharyngeal bone with one row of numerous (more than 50) compressed teeth, and the bone is much smaller than in cyprinids, especially given the size of the fish. The new fish distinguishes itself from all known catostomids (both extinct and extant) in its long anal fin with four unbranched and 17–18 branched rays, and its extremely short caudal peduncle that is only about one fourth of its depth. Plesiomyxocyprinus arratiae resembles the Eocene-Oligocene transpacific-distributed Amyzon in many general skeletal characters. However, it shows a few characters uniquely shared with the Recent catostomid Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Those include a very long dorsal fin with about 50 branched fin rays, the end of dorsal fin rays being close to the caudal fin base, and anal rays stretching posteriorly beyond the base of caudal fin. It is the first fossil catostomid that shows a close relationship to the endemic Myxocyprinus now living in the Yangtze River and Minjiang River, China. The discovery of Plesiomyxocyprinus arratiae, along with two previously described possible catostomid genera Jianghanichthys and Vasnetzovia, may indicate that the divergence of the Catostomidae started much earlier, in the middle Eocene or earlier, on the western side of the Pacific than on its eastern side. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40432003, J0630965), Cypriniformes Tree of Life under the U.S. National Science Foundation to R. Mayden (Grant No. EF0431326), and Ecocarp Project (European Commission, INCO-DEV Programme) (Grant No. ICA4-CT-2001- 10024)     

江汉盆地始新世中、晚期古气候定量重建初探

依据江汉盆地明钾1孔中、晚始新统系统的孢粉资料, 应用化石孢子花粉亲缘植物的生态位估算孢粉组合所反映的古气候特征.气候参数曲线的变化趋势显示江汉盆地始新世中期气候参数与现今北纬2 2°~ 2 6°的数值相接近, 为中-南亚热带湿润半湿润气候.晚期气温较前期低1~ 4℃, 相当于现今北纬2 3°~ 2 8°处的数值, 为北-中亚热带气候.但是, 气候构型与现今截然不同, 具有气温高、年较差小、降水波动大的特点.始新世中期1月均温比今高5~ 9℃, 表明冬季风作用尚不明显, 晚期略显冬季风的影响.气候的降温发生在孔深2 10 0m处, 主要表现为1月均温的下降和年较差增长, 因而孢粉组合中落叶阔叶树种增多.年降水量波动强烈, 一般于30 0~ 170 0mm之间, 这有利于盐类矿物的迁移和堆积.降水量低于10 0 0mm时, 麻黄灌木花粉增多, 且与膏盐堆积深度相一致.高山深盆的干热环境是本区盐类矿物沉积的主要原因, 年降水量波动强烈且偏低, 有利于盐类的持续堆积, 从而有别于现今西北地区的盐类堆积.      

西藏山南列麦始新世花岗岩独居石U-Th-Pb年龄及地质意义

西藏山南隆子县列麦地区始新世花岗岩的成岩时代和背景对喜马拉雅地区同碰撞阶段的构造演化具有重要意义。本文对隆子县列麦乡界归党村的白云母花岗岩开展独居石LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb测年,独居石40个测点的~(208)Pb/~(232)Th加权平均年龄为41±0.1Ma(MSWD=1.4),形成于始新世中期。结合区域上的始新世岩浆岩活动和区域变质作用,本文认为在50～45Ma印度下地壳发生中-高压变质和部分熔融;45Ma新特提斯洋洋壳板片断离,软流圈地幔上涌;45～41Ma喜马拉雅发生短暂的拉张环境导致大量的埃达克质岩浆岩侵位和麻粒岩的折返。     

西藏冈底斯中段南木林地区始新世岩浆作用的厘定及其大地构造意义

选取南冈底斯中段南木林地区的二长花岗岩岩体进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年和全岩地球化学分析。分析结果显示,研究区二长花岗岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄为50.24±0.68Ma,为始新世岩浆活动的产物,是冈底斯岩基的重要组成部分。岩石地球化学特征表明,里特曼指数为1.66～1.94,具有钙碱性特征,A/CNK=1.11～1.15,显示出过铝质的特征,同时具有高硅、高钾(可达钾玄岩系列)特征。微量元素强烈富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素(LILE)及La、Ce等轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr等高场强元素(HFSE),表现出弧型或壳源岩浆岩的地球化学属性。Sm/Nd值为0.45～0.57,平均值为0.53,显示出岩浆的深源特征。稀土元素(La/Yb)N值较高,平均值为9.25,轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,且具有较显著的负Eu异常特征。综合研究表明,南木林花岗岩体形成过程为俯冲至断离的特提斯洋壳发生脱水作用,导致上覆地幔楔发生部分熔融,玄武质岩浆形成,岩浆随后上涌底侵至莫霍面附近,巨大的热烘烤作用迫使下地壳(富黏土或泥质岩)发生部分熔融,之后玄武质与长英质岩浆发生了广泛的混合作用,最后侵位成岩形成南木林地区广泛的含基性包体的花岗岩体。这为特提斯洋闭合、印度-欧亚板块碰撞的时限提供了同位素年龄证据,也丰富了冈底斯岩体成岩模式和地球化学特征。     

Late Paleocene–early Eocene granitoids in the Jiamusi Massif,NE China: Zircon U–Pb ages,geochemistry, and tectonic implications

Northeast (NE) China is characterized by large areas of Mesozoic and Paleozoic granitoids, whereas Cenozoic granitoids are scarce. This paper reports LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb ages and whole-rock geochemical data for late Paleocene–early Eocene granitoids from the Jiamusi Massif, NE China, in order to determine their petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Geochronological data indicate that the granodiorite and dioritic porphyry from the Wudingshan pluton formed at 51.5 ± 0.3 Ma and 56.3 ± 0.8 Ma, respectively. The biotite–quartz diorite, biotite granodiorite, and dioritic porphyry have high SiO₂ (68.38–70.06 wt.%), Al₂O₃ (15.34–15.79 wt.%), and Na₂O (3.96–4.49 wt.%) contents, low MgO contents (1.10–1.26 wt.%), A/CNK ratios of 0.99–1.11, and are classified as medium- to high-K calc-alkaline and weakly peraluminous I-type granitoids. They are enriched in LREEs and LILEs, and depleted in HFSEs, with Nb/Ta ratios of 10.4–15.0. Moreover, they have negative Nb–Ta–Ti anomalies, indicating that they were derived from continental crust. Combining with the previously published isotopic data and regional geological results, we suggest that the late Paleocene–early Eocene granitoids (56–52 Ma) were probably derived from partial melting of juvenile lower crust, and formed in an active continental margin setting, possibly related to subduction slab rollback of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.