抚顺盆地东露天煤矿早始新世孢粉组合特征及其古气候意义

系统研究了抚顺盆地东露天煤矿主煤层古城子组植物孢粉组合特征,并采用共存分析法(coexistence approach)定量分析了该区早始新世古气候。笔者在古城子组共发现孢粉化石71属159种,其中,被子植物花粉莫米粉(Momipites)、山核桃粉(Caryapollenites)、榆粉(Ulmipollenits)和栎粉(Quercoidites)含量较高;裸子植物花粉含量高,以杉粉(Taxodiaceaepollenites)和无口器粉(Inaperturopollenites)占绝对优势;蕨类植物孢子以水龙骨单缝孢(Polypodiaceaesporites)及紫萁孢(Osmundacidites)为主。亚热带类群丰富且花粉含量较高(56.3%~91.8%)。孢粉组合反映了该盆地分布以杉科(Taxodiaceae)丰富为特征的沼泽湿地林,可能为重要的成煤植物;盆地低山地带分布有常绿和阔叶落叶混交林为主的森林植被。通过共存分析法获得抚顺盆地早始新世年均温为14.9℃~15.8℃,年均降水量为1011.3~1163 mm。孢粉植物群特征及古气候参数综合分析,抚顺盆地早始新世属于温暖湿润的亚热带气候。     

渐新世初大冰期事件:南大西洋ODP1265站的记录

始新世—渐新世(EO) 过渡期间, 地球由两极无冰的“温室地球”进入到南极有冰的“冰室地球”, 其中以发生在早渐新世初的大冰期事件尤为意义重大.南大西洋ODP1265站氧碳稳定同位素在EO过渡期间发生重大变化, 表明早渐新世全球气温迅速下降, 南极大陆东部首次出现大规模永久性冰盖, 同时全球碳储库发生重大改组, 这一结果与全球其他地区的记录一致.碳酸盐含量、粗组分、浮游有孔虫碎壳率以及碳酸钙软泥的粒度在EO界线附近都发生了突变, 指示了海洋表层生产力的升高、碳酸盐补偿深度(CCD) 的突然加深以及气候快速变冷对生物和碳酸盐沉积的影响.      

古新世-始新世极热事件与地球系统的自我调节:Gaia理论的应用

古新世—始新世极热事件(LPTM或PETM)是地球历史中最强烈的全球升温事件之一,又因其温室气体的排放与当前工业废气排放水平相当,因而在全球变化与地球系统科学研究中具有重要的研究意义。Gaia理论强调生物通过负反馈作用调节全球系统,使之趋于稳定。在前人研究资料的基础上,对比分析了分布于全球不同地区大洋钻孔与陆地剖面P/E界线附近的δ13C变化,综合了P/E极热事件对全球碳循环的影响以及事件的成因。认为P/E极热事件之后,地球系统在生物作用下逐渐恢复平衡。如果将生物与地球作为整体来看,那么这个整体是一个具有自我平衡能力的系统。地球历史中,其他与碳循环扰动有关的地质事件,应该也可以用Gaia理论的思路,从生物调节环境的角度分析碳循环的变化以及地球系统的平衡机制。     

U–Pb zircon ages of the Nakanogawa Group in the Hidaka Belt,northern Japan: Implications for its provenance and the protolith of the Hidaka metamorphic rocks

Zircon U–Pb ages of two acidic tuff and two turbidite sandstone samples from the Nakanogawa Group, Hidaka Belt, were measured to estimate its depositional age and the development of the Hokkaido Central Belt, northeast Japan. In the northern unit, homogeneous zircons from pelagic acidic tuff from a basal horizon dated to 58–57 Ma, zircons from sandstone from the upper part of the unit dated to 56–54 Ma, and zircons from acidic tuff from the uppermost part dated to 60–56 Ma and 69–63 Ma. Both of the tuff U–Pb ages are significantly older than the youngest radiolarian fossil age (66–48 Ma). Therefore, the maximum depositional age of the turbidite facies in the northern unit is 58 Ma and the younger age limit, estimated from the fossil age, is 48 Ma. In the southern unit, homogeneous zircons from turbidite sandstone dated to 58–57 Ma. Thus the depositional age of this turbidite facies was interpreted to be 66–56 Ma from the fossil age, probably close to 57 Ma. Most of the zircon U–Pb ages from the Nakanogawa Group are younger than 80 Ma, with a major peak at 60 Ma. This result implies that around Hokkaido volcanic activity occurred mainly after 80 Ma. Older zircon ages (120–80 Ma, 180–140 Ma, 340–220 Ma, 1.9 Ga, 2.2 Ga, and 2.7 Ga) give information about the provenance of other rocks in the Hidaka Belt. It is inferred that the Nakanogawa Group comprises protoliths of the upper sequence of the Hidaka Metamorphic Zone, which therefore has the same depositional age as the Nakanogawa Group (66–48 Ma). The depositional ages of the lower sequence of the Hidaka Metamorphic Zone and the Nakanogawa Group are probably the same.     

南雄盆地始新统红层沉积环境分析

选取南雄盆地始新统红层——古城村剖面作为研究对象,结合磁性矿物和地球化学元素特征分析其沉积环境。古城村剖面上部和下部为红色,中部为青灰色,颜色及其深浅均随沉积层理/层次逐渐变化,说明颜色和沉积地层层理/层次为同期形成,为地层的原生色。磁学测量的饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）和剩磁矫顽力（Bcr）结果与红度（a*）呈现良好的正对应关系,热磁曲线结果表明红层样品以赤铁矿为主,漫反射光谱（DRS）佐证了原生赤铁矿的存在且是唯一可以检测到的磁性矿物。赤铁矿指示了当时的沉积环境为高温少雨。剖面中部存在青灰色地层,该层样品的热磁测量没有检测到磁性矿物信号,只检测到顺磁性矿物信号。高温处理后的DRS测量也表明其存在顺磁性的黏土矿物。通过地球化学元素分析显示其与标准石灰岩相比差异较大,而与中国典型黄土较为相似,可能说明青灰层并非石灰岩。剖面的上下层均为以原生赤铁矿为主的红层,代表高温强氧化环境。青灰层与上下红层之间为过渡渐变,地层较为连续且无不整合现象,化学元素分析也显示该层与上下红层、上地壳和黄土都具有较高的相似性,所以该层更可能是风积物在气候转为湿润条件下经成土作用形成的钙质淀积层。古城剖面反映了始新世时期干热氧化—湿润氧化还原—干热氧化的逐渐变化过程,对于准确理解南雄盆地此阶段古环境有重要意义。     

柴达木盆地始新统沟鞭藻及其油源意义

我国中新生代陆相沉积,特别是咸化湖泊沉积中普遍发现属于“海源陆生”的沟鞭藻化石,由于其良好的生油特性,被认为是我国白垩纪—第三纪陆相油气资源的重要来源。柴达木盆地第三系始新统下干柴沟组是该地区最主要的烃源岩,生油岩及原油中富含公认的沟鞭藻生物标志物4 甲基甾烷和甲藻甾烷,但迄今该地区尚未发现可靠的沟鞭藻化石。本次研究在柴达木盆地北缘昆2井下干柴沟组发现了类型单调但化石丰富的以Subtilisphaera为主的沟鞭藻化石组合,为肯定柴达木盆地第三系原油沟鞭藻的贡献提供了直接化石证据。研究表明,沟鞭藻发育的第三系中始新统可能是本地区最有利的生油层,形成于湿热气候所控制的陆相咸水湖泊。     

朋曲组——西藏南部最高海相层位一个新的地层单元

西藏南部定日地区遮普惹山向斜核部近来发现一套非碳酸盐型海相沉积 ,由黄绿色页岩含砂岩、紫红色砂页岩组成 ,总厚约 180 m,产丰富的钙质超微化石 ,时代属始新世中—晚期 (路特中晚期—巴顿早期 ) ,延时约 10个Ma(5 0～ 40 Ma B.P.)。这套地层显然与过去在该区命名的碳酸盐型最高海相层位不同 ,本文命名为朋曲组 ,包括两个段 :下部恩巴段 ,黄绿色页岩夹砂岩 ,含超微化石带 NP15 ,限时路特中—晚期 ,属残留海浊流沉积 ;上部扎果段 ,紫红色砂、页岩 ,含超微化石带 NP16 ,局限于路特末期—巴顿早期 ,系入海三角洲相。这套非碳酸盐型最高海相层的发现有三点重要意义 :1)第一次在研究区建立了始新统的较为精确的化石、年代地层 ;　 2 )在西藏特提斯喜马拉雅发现了真正碰撞型残留海沉积建造 ;　 3)为新特提斯洋在西藏南部最后关闭和西藏南部早期隆升的时间确定提供了直接依据。     

Highlights of the Messel Oil Shale

The Messel oil shale, Germany, was deposited in a maar crater that formed 47 million years ago. Since 1975 the Senckenberg Research Institute in Frankfurt am Main, has conducted systematic scientific excavations of this oil shale with much success. Besides plants and insects, more than 130 species of well-preserved fossil vertebrates like reptiles, fishes, birds and mammals have been found and have made Messel world-famous. Some examples of these vertebrates are presented.     

Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Granitoids at Sharang Eocene Porphyry Mo Deposit in the Main‐Stage of India‐Asia Continental Collision,Northern Gangdese,Tibet

The Sharang porphyry Mo deposit is the first discovered Mo porphyry‐type deposit in the Gangdese Metallogenic Belt. The orebody is hosted by the Eocene multi‐stage composite intrusive complex which is emplaced in the Upper Permian Mengla Formation and cut by the Miocene dykes. Granite porphyry is recognized as the ore‐bearing porphyry in the complex, which consists of quartz diorite, quartz monzonite, granite, prophyritic granite and post‐mineral lamprophyre. Granodiorite porphyry and dacite porphyry intrude the granite porphyry. Geochemical data indicate that Sharang complex has a High‐K calc‐alkalinc to shoshonitic, metaluminous to slightly peraluminous composition. The Sharang complex rocks are enriched in large ion lithophile elements, depleted in high‐field strength elements, Nb, Sr, P and Ti. REE patterns show slight enrichments in light REE relative to heavy REE and weak negative Eu anomalies. All rocks in this complex have a wide range of initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.705605～0.712496) and lower ε_Nd(t) values (?0.61～?7.80). The geochemical data suggest highly oxidized‐evolved magma and old continental materials may have been the magma source for the Sharang intrusive complex that host porphyry Mo mineralization. Eocene pre‐ore and ore‐forming rocks at Sharang may have formed by partial melting of mantle wedge and by mixing with old continental crust at the lower crust level. In contrast the post‐ore rocks may have formed by partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle.     

Single-grain apatite geochemistry of Permian–Triassic granitoids and Mesozoic and Eocene sandstones from Chiapas,southeast Mexico: implications for sediment provenance

ABSTRACT

This article reports single-grain multi-elemental results (Sr, Y, Th, U, and rare earth elements) obtained in 966 apatites from 18 rocks (sandstones and granitoids) that were sampled from the Mesozoic (Todos Santos and San Ricardo Formations) and Eocene (the El Bosque Formation) successions as well as from the Permian–Triassic Chiapas Massif Complex (CMC), all of which are exposed within the Sierra de Chiapas (SCH), SE Mexico. The objectives of the present study are (1) to establish changes in provenance between the Mesozoic and Eocene sedimentary sequences using single-grain apatite geochemistry, and (2) to identify source areas for siliciclastic materials from the Todos Santos, San Ricardo, and the El Bosque Formations. The results of the present work strongly suggest that apatites from the Todos Santos and San Ricardo Formations were mainly derived from intermediate to felsic I-type granitoids as well as from arc-related volcanic rocks, indicating that the CMC basement was the most important source area for the Mesozoic sandstones in the SCH. An abrupt change in provenance from Mesozoic to Eocene units was identified based on single-grain apatite geochemistry. Detrital apatites of the Ypresian–Lutetian El Bosque Formation were derived from diverse source rocks such as mafic–ultramafic rocks, intermediate to felsic I-type plutons, strongly fractionated S-type granites and pegmatites, as well as from different metamorphic source lithologies (including high-pressure rocks) such as gneisses, migmatites, metapelites, and/or eclogites. It was proposed, therefore, that most Eocene sediments of the SCH were derived from the Guatemala Suture Complex, which involves all the rock types mentioned above. A minor portion of the El Bosque Formation sediments was derived from the CMC area and/or from recycled sandstones from the Mesozoic Todos Santos and San Ricardo Formations. Some advantages and disadvantages of provenance studies based on detrital apatite chemistry were also observed and briefly discussed.