东太平洋海隆13°N表层含金属沉积物物质组成与元素赋存状态

为了解不同类型含金属沉积物在物质组成和元素赋存状态的差异,对东太平洋海隆13°N洋中脊两侧表层含金属沉积物(站号:E271和E53)进行了矿物学、地球化学分析,顺序提取实验,并与前人对轴部表层沉积物(站号:17A-EPR-TVG1)的研究结果作了对比分析。研究结果表明, E271和E53是远端含金属沉积物,由非浮力热液羽状流中颗粒物沉降所形成的;17A-EPR-TVG1沉积物是近喷口含金属沉积物,由黑烟囱或者热液硫化物丘状体崩塌、堆积,或者由热液羽状流中Fe-Mn氧化物和硫化物快速沉淀而形成的,近喷口沉积物比远端沉积物更富集Fe、Cu和Zn等元素。元素在两种含金属沉积物中的赋存状态基本相同,除了Fe,Cu,Zn,Mo和稀土元素(REE)等元素在远端沉积物中主要存在于Fe-Mn氧化物相,在近喷口沉积物中主要在残留相中。远端沉积物中REE页岩标准化配分模式与海水相似,表明REE主要来自海水,而近喷口沉积物中REE配分模式与热液流体相似,说明REE以高温热液流体来源为主。相关研究结果加深了对热液沉积作用研究的认识。     

A dual-porosity model for nitrogen leaching from a watershed/Un modèle à double porosité pour le lessivage de l’azote d’un bassin versant

Abstract

Abstract The MASONW (MACRO + SOILN + Watershed) model describing nitrogen leaching in watersheds was developed and tested. The model is based on the MACRO and SOILN models. The dual-porosity model MACRO simulates water flow on the field scale. The SOILN model describes turnover and leaching of nitrogen. Two main features of a watershed have been added into these two models: (a) the existence of a river system, and (b) variable thickness of the aeration zone within a watershed. Good agreement between the output of the MASONW model and observed data for water discharge and nitrate concentrations were achieved in the Odense watershed (496 km²) in Denmark.     

Development of an Enzyme Immunoassay for the Analysis of the Atrazine Metabolite Hydroxyatrazine Entwicklung eines Enzymimmunoassays zur Analyse des Atrazin-Metaboliten Hydroxyatrazin

A highly sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is described for the detection of the atrazine metabolite hydroxyatrazine. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits by immunization with a hapten-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate containing 8 hapten residues per molecule of BSA. An EIA with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) hapten tracer was optimized in microtitre plates. A concentration of 50% B/B₀ was found at 0.10 μg/L for hydroxyatrazine. A limit of determination for hydroxyatrazine was reached at approximately 0.01 μg/L, i.e. well below the maximum concentration permitted by the EU guidelines for drinking water and the drinking water ordinance of the FRG. The assay did not require concentration or clean-up steps for drinking water or ground water samples. Validation experiments confirmed a good accuracy and precision. Hydroxyatrazine is reported to be the main atrazine metabolite found in soil samples. As organic solvents are usually employed for soil extraction, the influence of methanol as representative organic solvent on the assay was examined. Up to a concentration of 5% (v/v) methanol, the organic solvent did not affect the assay.     

A Screening Procedure for Heavy Metals in Soil Extracts by Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Urease Inhibition Eine Screening-Methode für Schwermetalle in Extrakten aus Bodenproben,basierend auf der Inhibierung der Enzyme Alkoholdehydrogenase und Urease

A screening method for heavy metals in aqueous extracts of soil is presented which is based on inhibition of the enzymes urease and alcohol dehydrogenase. The method is suitable to detect cupric and mercury ions in concentrations below 0.01 mg/L and several other heavy metal ions in 1000 fold higher concentration. It is shown that the test may be used for screening of mercury ion concentrations exceeding 0.03 mg/L in aqueous solution when copper chelators are added to the test system. The usefulness of the presented tests to detect heavy metals eluted from soil was verified with samples from ore mining waste. The concentration of copper, lead, and zinc eluted from these samples to different amount was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and was in good agreement with the enzyme inhibition data obtained with these samples.     

砂体及其研究价值

本文论述了砂体的意义，砂体的研究价值，砂体的分类，并从多方面阐明了砂体在可地浸砂岩型铀矿找矿工作中的作用。抛砖引玉，力图推进砂体的研究工作，为可地浸砂岩型铀矿的找矿工作服务。     

影响浸铀细菌活性的因素初探

微生物浸铀技术可以大幅度提高难浸铀矿石的浸出率 ,其关键技术是培养高活性的菌种。为了培养能适应多种恶劣条件的高活性菌种 ,必须对影响浸铀微生物活性的各种因素进行研究。通过实验室对浸铀细菌硫杆菌属中的氧化亚铁硫杆菌的活性因素的研究 ,并结合实际对从江西山南矿区的野外矿样中分离筛选出的菌株的活性的影响因素作了初步探讨 ,认为pH值为 1 8、温度为 30℃、接种量为 2 0 %及 90r/min的充气条件是该硫杆菌最佳的培养条件。通过对磷、铀两种元素在不同浓度下对细菌活性影响的试验 ,得出高浓度的磷、铀对细菌有明显的抑制作用 ,但通过驯化可以降低及弱化这种抑制作用。     

Variations in chemical compositions of the eolian dust in Chinese Loess Plateau over the past 2.5 Ma and chemical weathering in the Asian inland

Major and trace elements as well as strontium isotopic composition have been analyzed on the acid-insoluble (AI) phase of the loess-paleosol sequence from Luochuan, Shaanxi Province, China. Results show that the chemical composition of AI phase of loess and paleosols is distinctive to the average composition of upper continental crust (UCC), characterized by depletion of mobile elements Na, Ca and Sr. The distribution pattern of elements in AI phase reveals that initial dust, derived from a vast area of Asian inland, has suffered from Na- and Ca-removed chemical weathering compared to UCC. Some geochemical parameters (such as CIA values, Na/K, Rb/Sr and⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios) display a regular variation and evolution, reflecting that the chemical weathering in the source region of loess deposits has decreased gradually since 2.5 Ma with the general increase of global ice volume. This coincidence reflects that the aridity of Asian inland since the Quaternary is a possible regional response to the global climate change.     

Entwicklung eines Enzymimmunoassays zum Nachweis des Herbizids Mecoprop in Trink- und Grundwasser auf der Basis von Antikörpern aus den Eiern von Legehennen

Development of an Enzyme Immunoassay for the Detection of Mecoprop in Drinking Water and Groundwater Based on Antibodies Raised in Chicken Egg Yolk Antibodies against mecoprop were isolated from egg yolk of immunized hens and were used for the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We tested assay parameters (pH and concentration of buffer, incubation temperature, kind of enzyme tracer) to optimize the standard curve for mecoprop. By decreasing the pH, the detection limit was reached at a concentration of 0.35 μg/L mecoprop. The concentration for 50% inhibition (50% B/B₀) was 2.8 μg/L. Dichlorprop and the methyl esters of both mecoprop and dichlorprop showed high crossreactivity (165%, 400% and 233%). Antibodies against mecoprop separated from egg yolk were compared to antibodies raised in rabbit for both sensitivity and specificity. Chicken immunoglobulins were found to be less sensitive and specific than the mammalian IgG's.     

软土后生作用的探讨

讨论了软土地区的褐黄色硬壳层、暗绿色硬土层和所谓“次生硬土”等特殊土层的成因,提出后生作用对软土改造的观点。这类土往往是建构筑物的天然地基或桩基持力层,因此进一步搞清其成因变化将是研究土力学和工程特性的重要地质学基础。     

一个干旱地区毛矾石矿氧化带的矿物组合

在陆相古火山角砾岩筒中由火山热液蚀变产生的含黄铁矿次生石英岩中的硫化物,在特别干旱的条件下生成了以毛矾石及黄钾铁钒为主的13种钒类矿物组成的硫化矿床氧化带,并在其中聚集了毛矾石矿体。毛钒石矿是由反复进行的氧化-渗透淋滤作用而富集形成的。