The impact of incorrectly estimating factor productivity in agriculture on the environment and human health

 This paper explores the implications of a misspecification of the production function on the use of factor inputs in the context of the adoption of an alternative production practice (a technological innovation) designed to mitigate the impact of agricultural production on human health and the environment. It is demonstrated that if the level of the use of some inputs is considered rather than their consumptive use (i.e., the actual amount used by a plant), the productivity of the input is inaccurately measured. It is also demonstrated that an aggregate production function approach can lead to overestimation of the value of the marginal product of an input due to the frequently implicit assumptions that the output supply, output demand, and fertilizer demand are infinitely price elastic. The implications of the results are important for determining the optimal use of inputs such as fertilizer and pesticides which have known adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Received: 22 November 1996 · Accepted: 4 May 1998     

淀山湖水环境质量评价及污染防治研究

从淀山湖环境研究入手。全面考察湖区点源和非点源污染物的分布及其对湖泊的输入,分析湖内污染物的动态变化,采用模糊矩阵复合运算方法对水质进行综合评价,并建立水质污染预测模型,进行水质污染趋势分析。最后,提出了淀山湖水污染防治的对策和措施。     

滇西南地区南汀河断裂带三维深部电性结构及其孕震环境

南汀河断裂带为滇西南地区活动断裂体系中规模最大的一条北东向断裂,其构造活动及地震危险性一直备受关注.本文基于覆盖云南境内南汀河断裂带的大地电磁测深宽频带阵列数据,利用大地电磁三维反演解释技术,首次获得了南汀河断裂带的精细三维深部电性结构.在上地壳深度,南汀河断裂带西南段与中段的电性结构表现出沿构造走向的高导条带特征,北东段表现为高阻结构.该高阻结构可能为临沧—勐海花岗岩体的电性反映,指示南汀河断裂可能未切穿该花岗岩带.在中下地壳深度,南汀河断裂带西南段存在大范围高导层,北东段则表现为整体性的高阻地壳,因此南汀河断裂北东段可能具有发生强震的介质结构背景.南汀河断裂带西南段的耿马地震区深部呈现北东向与北北西向的"X"型高导构造样式,该高导结构以南存在一个显著高阻异常体,1988年耿马M_S7.2地震以及2015年沧源M_S5.5级地震均发生于该高阻体与"X"型高导条带的电性边界.青藏高原东南缘绕东构造结流入滇西地区的中下地壳流可能受到南汀河断裂北东段中下地壳高阻体的阻挡而呈分流式分布于保山地块以及澜沧江断裂以东.     

King Canute muses in the South Seas: Why aren’t Pacific Islands transitioning to low carbon sea transport futures?

Transition to low carbon sea transport is a logical response to the extreme dependency of the Pacific Islands region on imported fossil fuel, its significant vulnerability to the effects of climate change and the critical shipping needs of Pacific Island countries (PICs). Building on previous work in low carbon sea transport in the Pacific, this paper further considers the barriers to achieving such transition by assessing, through a ‘post-Paris Agreement’ lens, the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) submitted by PICs and contrasting these to the near total lack of investment and planning for low carbon transition in the transport sector with the parallel occurrence in the electricity sector where ~USD 2 billion of donor investment is deployed or queued despite electricity using only ~20% of fossil fuel across the region. Consistent with recent international studies, inadequate and inappropriate financing and policy have been identified as dominant transition barriers for low carbon sea transport development in PICs. This paper further examines the regional level barriers to policy development, and finds them inhibited by the silo nature of the major regional actors. The implications that the Paris Agreement has for climate financing to support the essential research and capacity development needed to underpin a successful low carbon sea transport transition strategy at any useful scale and speed are also considered in this paper.     

基于改进层次分析法的干旱扬水灌区水土环境变迁响应评估

受大量的外调水资源和人工灌溉的影响,干旱扬水灌区的水土环境变迁过程具有独特性,其对区域环境要素的响应是长期、潜在而缓慢的,该过程可通过科学的评估与分析描述其发展的趋势。评价过程是否合理,评价结果是否准确是灌区可持续发展的关键。通过应用改进的层次分析法,对干旱扬水灌区水土环境变迁响应进行了评价。结果表明:干旱扬水灌区水土环境变迁响应因子都属于"微敏感"因子;地表水对水土环境的变迁响应相对较为强烈,其次为地下水、区域气候,而土地利用最为迟缓; 18个响应因子中最为敏感的是灌区提水量及灌溉用水量,次之为地下水水位及回归水水质。该评价模型的评价结果与当前灌区水土环境变化现状相吻合,验证了改进层次分析法在干旱扬水灌区水土环境变迁响应评价中的有效性和可操作性,可为灌区的建设和管理提供科学合理的参考依据。     

汕头试验井地面与井下环境地噪声对比测试分析

试验井位于汕头市衡山路,观测系统为井下宽频地震计TBG-60B和地面宽频带地震计TDV-60B,频带为60S~50 Hz,选取的地面观测数据与对应的井下观测数据都是同一时间的,使用童汪练研究员的地噪声分析软件和MATLAB绘图工具,研究台站环境地噪声随观测井深度的变化特征,得到井深与观测地噪声之间的对比关系,为井下地震台站勘选和工程建设提供基础数据。发现地噪声水平从覆盖层进入到基岩有很大变化,从强风化层进入到中微风化层也有明显变化,考虑钻井建设成本和台站建设地噪声水平要求之间的综合效益,在粤东地区典型的地质结构条件,较佳的平衡点应该是至少需要进入完整中微风化层基岩10 m。     

The bubbles or the boiling pot? An ecosystemic approach to culture,environment and quality of life

For the diagnosis and prognosis of the problems of quality of life, a multidisciplinary ecosystemic approach encompasses four dimensions of being-in-the-world, as donors and recipients: intimate, interactive, social and biophysical. Social, cultural and environmental vulnerabilities are understood and dealt with, in different circumstances of space and time, as the conjugated effect of all dimensions of being-in-the-world, as they induce the events (deficits and assets), cope with consequences (desired or undesired) and contribute for change. Instead of fragmented and reduced representations of reality, diagnosis and prognosis of cultural, educational, environmental and health problems considers the connections (assets) and ruptures (deficits) between the different dimensions, providing a planning model to develop and evaluate research, teaching programmes, public policies and field projects. The methodology is participatory, experiential and reflexive; heuristic-hermeneutic processes unveil cultural and epistemic paradigms that orient subject-object relationships; giving people the opportunity to reflect on their own realities, engage in new experiences and find new ways to live better in a better world. The proposal is a creative model for thought and practice, providing many opportunities for discussion, debate and development of holistic projects integrating different scientific domains (social sciences, psychology, education, philosophy, etc.). Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

中国西北地区经济与生态环境协调发展现状研究

中国西北地区(陕、甘、宁、青、新),深居中国内陆,生态环境恶劣,经济发展落后,其町持续发展状况受人关注。而可持续发展状况主要是区域经济发展与生态环境的协调问题,在西北地区环境——经济复合系统指标体系构建的基础上,利用科学、客观的因子分析方法确定出指标体系中各项经济、环境指标因素的权重：然后,利用模糊隶属度函数对西北地区各经济、环境指标的原始数据进行无量纲量化处理,得到各评价指标的隶属度值;最后,引入经济、环境协调度和协调发展度模型,对西北五省区的经济发展与生态环境协调状况进行定量模拟．分析,得出：新疆维吾尔自治区与青海省均属于中级协调发展类环境滞后型区域,陕西省属于勉强协调发展类环境滞后型区域,甘肃省属于濒临失调衰退类环境损益型区域,宁夏回族自治区属于严重失调衰退类环境损益型区域。     

Mineral constituents in common chanterelles and soils collected from a high mountain and lowland sites in Poland

This paper reported the results of the determination of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn in Common Chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius) Fr. and surface soil layer (0-10 cm) underneath the fruiting bodies. Mushrooms and soils were collected from a lowland site in the Hel Peninsula (Baltic Sea coast) and a high mountain site in the Tatra Mountains. The trace elements were determined using validated method and inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Common Chanterelles that emerged at sites poor in mineral nutrients podzols of the Hel Peninsula forests efficiently bioconcentrated several essential trace elements (K, P, Co, Cu, Mn, Na, Zn), while the abundance of those elements in carpophores was around half less compared to specimens from Zakopane region and which emerged in soils much richer in minerals. Common Chanterelles collected at two spatially distant background areas in Poland were only weakly contaminated with metals such as Ag, Cd, Hg and Pb. The maximum tolerable Cd and Pb contents of certain cultivated mushrooms are regulated in the European Union by law and these hazardous metals in C. cibarius were far below tolerance limits set.