First‐year post‐fire erosion rates in Bitterroot National Forest,Montana

Accelerated runoff and erosion commonly occur following forest fires due to combustion of protective forest floor material, which results in bare soil being exposed to overland flow and raindrop impact, as well as water repellent soil conditions. After the 2000 Valley Complex Fires in the Bitterroot National Forest of west‐central Montana, four sets of six hillslope plots were established to measure first‐year post‐wildfire erosion rates on steep slopes (greater than 50%) that had burned with high severity. Silt fences were installed at the base of each plot to trap eroded sediment from a contributing area of 100 m². Rain gauges were installed to correlate rain event characteristics to the event sediment yield. After each sediment‐producing rain event, the collected sediment was removed from the silt fence and weighed on site, and a sub‐sample taken to determine dry weight, particle size distribution, organic matter content, and nutrient content of the eroded material. Rainfall intensity was the only significant factor in determining post‐fire erosion rates from individual storm events. Short duration, high intensity thunderstorms with a maximum 10‐min rainfall intensity of 75 mm h^?1 caused the highest erosion rates (greater than 20 t ha^?1). Long duration, low intensity rains produced little erosion (less than 0·01 t ha^?1). Total C and N in the collected sediment varied directly with the organic matter; because the collected sediment was mostly mineral soil, the C and N content was small. Minimal amounts of Mg, Ca, and K were detected in the eroded sediments. The mean annual erosion rate predicted by Disturbed WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project) was 15% less than the mean annual erosion rate measured, which is within the accuracy range of the model. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Storm‐event rainfall–runoff modelling approach for ungauged sites in Taiwan

This work develops a top‐down modelling approach for storm‐event rainfall–runoff model calibration at unmeasured sites in Taiwan. Twenty‐six storm events occurring in seven sub‐catchments in the Kao‐Ping River provided the analytical data set. Regional formulas for three important features of a streamflow hydrograph, i.e. time to peak, peak flow, and total runoff volume, were developed via the characteristics of storm event and catchment using multivariate regression analysis. Validation of the regional formulas demonstrates that they reasonably predict the three features of a streamflow hydrograph at ungauged sites. All of the sub‐catchments in the study area were then adopted as ungauged areas, and the three streamflow hydrograph features were calculated by the regional formulas and substituted into the fuzzy multi‐objective function for rainfall–runoff model calibration. Calibration results show that the proposed approach can effectively simulate the streamflow hydrographs at the ungauged sites. The simulated hydrographs more closely resemble observed hydrographs than hydrographs synthesized using the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) dimensionless unit hydrograph method, a conventional method for hydrograph estimation at ungauged sites in Taiwan. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

川藏联网工程地质条件分析

川藏联网工程是我国首个进藏的电网工程,工程始于四川乡城县,途径巴塘县,止于西藏昌都市,全长1500多公里。川藏联网工程地处青藏高原一级阶梯向云贵高原二级阶梯急剧过渡地带,以及印度洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲的边缘区,经过金沙江、巴楚河、定曲河、澜沧江,地势西高东低、北高南低,海拔高程在2400～5000m之间,平均海拔3850m,最高海拔为4918m。该工程是世界上海拔最高的电网工程,工程区位于世界上地质构造最为复杂、地质灾害分布最广泛地区,对工程施工和安全运营产生极大的挑战。本文根据区域及线路沿线的地质资料（包括工程沿线县市地质灾害调查与区划资料、勘测设计资料）以及遥感影像等,研究川藏联网输电线路的地质环境条件,并根据沿线的地形地貌、地层岩性、断裂构造条件及地质灾害的分布情况,进行了工程地质条件分区,将全线分为工程地质条件极差、差、较差、较好、好等5大类,并对每一分区的工程地质条件进行了详细分析,确保川藏联网工程顺利建成。     

A laser beacon for monitoring the mesospheric sodium layer at La Palma

We report the results of the first laser beacon experiment at the astronomical site of La Palma (Canary Islands). A continuous wave low‐power laser (a few hundred mW) system has been set up. The laser, tuned on the sodium D₂ line at 589 nm, is launched close to the zenith angle. The emission of the mesospheric sodium layer is observed from a telescope located 160 m away from the laser. The layer is therefore resolved in altitude and the different features of its dynamics are investigated.     

川江中坝遗址5000年来洪水事件研究

川江中坝遗址自然地层与文化层测年、粒度分析及其与长江沿岸现代洪积物粒度分析对比研究表明,中坝遗址自然沉积层为多期洪水泛滥成因.文化层中大量破碎陶罐、瓦片以及窑址的发现,结合实地调查表明当时遗址区主要以制盐为主.一定数量未燃尽的段木的发现,表明人们为制盐或烧制陶器而砍伐树木,导致水土流失与生态恶化,水土流失导致河床淤积,储水量减少,从而加重洪灾程度、加剧河床演变.频繁的洪水泛滥使研究区河床发生较大变化,使遗址从河岸孤立出去,成为河中心的一个孤岛.     

银额盆地蒙苏地1井钻井设计与施工

蒙苏地1井是中国地质调查局部署在银额盆地艾特格勒凹陷的一口大口径重点油气地质调查井,根据该区块地层地质概况和钻井施工技术难点,从井身结构、钻具组合、钻头选型和钻进工艺等方面对蒙苏地1井钻井工程进行了优化设计。综合采用 “简化井身结构+非常规钻具组合+常规钻头选型+强抑制性泥浆”的钻井技术方案,解决了中生界巴音戈壁组和二叠系上部地层的高硬度、可钻性差、裂缝构造易井斜及井壁失稳等一系列难题,顺利完成了该井的钻井施工任务。该井完钻井深2763.66 m,完钻口径215.9 mm,平均机械钻速3.51 m/h,成功揭示了中生界和石炭-二叠系岩石组合特征及含油气性,优质、高效、零事故完成各项目标任务。     

浅谈复杂地层科学钻探理念

随着地质找矿方向转向“攻深找盲”,钻探工程施工难度也节节攀升;未来钻孔多以深孔、斜孔为主,面临的地层情况也将越来越复杂,只有坚持科技钻探理念、做好科技钻探理念传承、加强钻探科技发展和更新、做好系统化、标准化、档案化的科学管理,才能为钻探企业注入新的活力,使其能在新的地勘形势下获得更强的生命力。     

复合动力钻进工艺在干热岩钻井中的应用研究

2011年山东省地矿局在山东省利津县实施了国内第一个干热岩调查评价项目,采用转盘回转钻进,但钻效低、能耗高。为提高在高温硬岩条件下的钻进效率、缩短钻井周期、降低生产成本,2015年在福建省漳州市实施的中国地质调查局东南沿海深部地热HDR-1干热岩科学钻探工程井（井深4000.86 m,孔底温度109 ℃）和2017年在青海省共和县完成的GR1干热岩科学勘探井（井深3705 m,孔底温度236 ℃）,在施工中均探索使用了“转盘+螺杆钻具”复合钻进工艺,并在高温取心段首次测试应用了“转盘+涡轮钻具”复合取心钻进工艺,取得了良好的效果并就下一步研究方向提出了意见和建议,为螺杆钻具和涡轮钻具的深入研究提供了宝贵的高温施工经验,也将为我国干热岩科学钻探与深部地热资源勘探提供新的技术支撑。     

Inelastic dynamic analysis of RC bridges accounting for spatial variability of ground motion,site effects and soil–structure interaction phenomena. Part 1: Methodology and analytical tools

During strong ground motion it is expected that extended structures (such as bridges) are subjected to excitation that varies along their longitudinal axis in terms of arrival time, amplitude and frequency content, a fact primarily attributed to the wave passage effect, the loss of coherency and the role of local site conditions. Furthermore, the foundation interacts with the soil and the superstructure, thus significantly affecting the dynamic response of the bridge. A general methodology is therefore set up and implemented into a computer code for deriving sets of appropriately modified time histories and spring–dashpot coefficients at each support of a bridge with account for spatial variability, local site conditions and soil–foundation–superstructure interaction, for the purposes of inelastic dynamic analysis of RC bridges. In order to validate the methodology and code developed, each stage of the proposed procedure is verified using recorded data, finite‐element analyses, alternative computer programs, previous research studies, and closed‐form solutions wherever available. The results establish an adequate degree of confidence in the use of the proposed methodology and code in further parametric analyses and seismic design. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汶川地震远场黄土场地地震动场地放大效应机制研究

通过汶川地震震后科学考察发现,汶川地震局部场地的震害和地震动放大效应明显,地震对甘肃省境内远离震中的黄土地区造成了较为严重的破坏。在此基础上,结合钻孔波速测试,运用二维等价线性时程响应动分析法对甘肃省平凉市典型黄土塬进行了地震动力响应计算,分析了该地区局部场地条件对地震动放大效应的影响。研究发现,黄土塬具有地震动放大效应,随着塬高的增加,加速度、速度、位移均出现放大效应;随着地震动在黄土覆盖层中的传递,卓越频率向低频移动,高频成分被吸收,加速度反应谱中长周期分量逐渐增大。数值计算结果与实际震害基本吻合,其结果对黄土地区进行合理的抗震设防具有一定的科学意义。