Engineering geological parameters affecting the response of Τhessaloniki's urban fill to a major seismic event

In urban areas where there has been continuous occupation of the land for centuries, there are likely to be large areas of filled ground. Fills may have arisen inadvertently from the rubble of demolished buildings and the slow accumulation of refuse. Old urban fills of this type may contain soil, rubble, refuse and even whole parts of past constructions. Despite the fact that areas covered with such deposits are generally prone to severe problems, especially under conditions of dynamic loading, still their influence, as a foundation material on the seismic behaviour of modern buildings is practically unpredictable.Thessaloniki is an old historical city of Macedonia, Greece with no less than 2300 years of continuous urban evolution. A thick and heterogeneous layer of artificial deposits covers the biggest part of the historical centre of the city, as is the case for many old historical cities. The presence of this extensive formation influences the urban development, as it constitutes the foundation of the majority of the buildings of the historical centre, and its investigation is essential for most of the major constructions proposed. The complexity and heterogeneity of Thessaloniki's fill makes the assessment of its engineering behaviour a rather complicated task. This is due to the big range of values of accumulated geotechnical data but also to the fact that these data have been produced by unrelated methods and applied tests.The aim of this paper is to assess the engineering performance of Thessaloniki's fill based on its behaviour as foundation material to a major seismic event. This is carried out by the evaluation of the influence of engineering geological parameters to the damage distribution of the 1978 earthquake, based on the official database which recorded the condition of all the buildings of the historical centre. The statistical elaboration of the damage distribution was carried out following a classification scheme for the fill, based on the fill's classes produced by this scheme, the fill's thickness and the combination of both.The results are given in terms of damage ratios i.e. the ratios of the number of buildings in each damage status per total number of buildings inspected. The correlation of the engineering response with the thickness of the fill showed that there is a significant increase of the percentage of damaged buildings with increasing thickness. However, further analysis of these results showed that the above increase does not apply to all classes equally, which actually suggests that different parts of the fill behave differently in respect to the fill thickness. These results clearly show that a classification scheme and the determination of the boundary conditions should be used as a combined tool from an engineering geological point of view, in order to form a basis for the better understanding of the engineering behaviour of such deposits, the interpretation of geotechnical data and the design of more sophisticated investigations.     

锥形形状记忆合金阻尼器性能分析与试验研究

本文对一种新型形状记忆合金阻尼器——锥形形状记忆合金阻尼器的性能进行了数值分析和试验研究。基于形状记忆合金的超弹性双线型本构模型,利用非线性有限元方法分析了锥形形状记忆合金阻尼器的滞回性能,并且用大型能用程序ANSYS进行了验证,得出锥形形状记忆合金阻尼器的滞回模型可简化为分段线性滞回模型,试验包括形状记忆合金丝的本构试验、疲劳试验阳阻尼器的性能试验．试验结果与数值分析结果基本吻合,形状记忆合金表现出良好的超弹性。     

高温冻结粉土力学特性试验研究

为了探讨高温冻结粉土的力学特性,进行了一系列常规三轴压缩和三轴压缩加卸载试验。结果表明：（1）随着围压的增大,应力应变曲线先表现为应变软化,后应变硬化,最后又应变软化。（2）体积应变曲线均表现为先体缩后体胀,且围压越大,体胀越弱。（3）通过引入改进的双曲线模型,能较好地模拟应变软化和硬化特性。在q-p平面内建立了一个新的强度准则,并利用修正Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,探讨了黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ的变化规律。根据试验结果,确定了不同围压及不同加卸载循环次数下高温冻结粉土的回弹模量及其损伤变化规律。最后,建立了塑性体积变形和塑性剪切变形之间的关系式和表达式,进一步探讨了高温冻结粉土的剪胀特性。     

微生物矿化作用改善岩土材料性能的影响因素

基于微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀作用（MICP）的土体改性技术近年来在岩土工程领域引起了人们的广泛关注。该技术在改善岩土材料的强度、刚度、抗液化、抗侵蚀及抗渗透性等性能的同时,还能维持土体良好的透气性和透水性,改善植物的生长环境。由于微生物矿化作用涉及一系列生物化学和离子化学反应,固化过程中的反应步骤较多,因此,MICP固化效果受许多因素的制约与影响。基于大量文献资料,系统总结了细菌种类、菌液浓度、温度、pH值、胶结液配比及土的性质等关键因素对微生物改善岩土材料性能的影响,讨论了这些影响因素的优化方式和未来的研究方向,主要得到了以下几点结论：菌种类型、菌液浓度、温度、pH、胶结液性质会从微观上影响碳酸钙的晶体类型、形貌和尺寸,进而在宏观层面影响岩土体的胶结效果;菌液浓度尽可能高、温度在20～40℃间、pH值在7.0～9.5左右、胶结液浓度在1 mol/L以内的因素条件对微生物加固岩土体具有较好的效果。上述范围内的低温、较高的pH值、低浓度胶结液有助于提高土体的抗渗性,而高温、较低的pH值以及中高浓度胶结液有助于提高土体的强度;MICP加固土体的有效粒径范围为10～1 000 ?m,相对密度越大、级配越好则加固效果越好。分步灌浆法、多浓度相灌注法及电渗灌浆法有助于提高土体固化均匀性,0.042 (mol/L)/h以下的注浆速度有利于提高胶结液利用率,砂土试样的灌浆压力一般在10～30 kPa之间,粉黏土试样的灌浆压力不宜超过110 kPa,过高的灌浆压力会破坏土体结构,降低固化效果。     

膨胀土初始破损与湿干交替耦合作用下的力学行为

为研究不同初始破损程度、不同干湿循环次数及两者耦合工况对膨胀土孔洞及裂隙发育、演化规律的影响,以及相应的土体变形、力学行为,以合肥膨胀土为研究对象,对制备的不同初始破损程度（圆柱孔直径分别为0、2.5、5 mm）的3组20个试样进行干湿循环试验及三轴剪切试验（控制吸力为50 kPa,有效围压分别为100、200、400 kPa）。并解释了孔洞-裂隙的产生及发育新机制。结果表明：干湿循环次数为0时,一定程度的初始破损会提高土体的强度;与常规认识不同,干湿循环次数为1～2次时,初始破损的存在会诱导土体裂隙开裂的方向和贯通模式,形成的结构块较无破损土体形成的更完整,因而具有相对于无初始破损土体更高的强度;干湿循环次数为3次时,裂隙完全扩展,土体结构性被严重破坏,有无初始破损的土体强度趋于一致;孔洞-裂隙的演化机制是：脱湿-增湿过程中产生的水力梯度使土体具有不同的软硬性质和胀缩变形,产生的拉压应力在微裂纹、尖端形成应力集中而开裂,更易与具有的初始孔洞破损联合、交汇、贯通,萌生的裂隙增大了水汽交换界面面积,进一步平衡拉压应力而最终完全碎裂。研究可为普遍存在初始破损的膨胀土工程研究提供新的思路。     

冻结饱水单裂隙岩体力学特性试验研究

通过相似单裂隙岩体冻结三轴试验,研究裂隙倾角、迹长、隙宽、围压和温度对单裂隙岩体力学特性的影响,试验结果表明：裂隙岩体力学参数与倾角呈二次函数分布,与迹长呈指数函数分布,通过拟合式（3）可近似计算岩体强度;岩体强度与围压呈线性分布,负温条件下泊松比和弹性模量受围压影响较小;隙宽小于0.1 mm或大于0.8 mm时,岩体强度随隙宽增大而减小,隙宽在0.1～0.8 mm之间时,岩体力学参数几乎不受隙宽影响;岩体强度随温度降低而增大的作用机制是岩体孔隙水和裂隙水冻结成冰,增大了颗粒间的凝聚力和摩擦角;裂隙倾角影响破裂面的起始位置,迹长影响破裂面的扩展规模,围压影响破裂面的延伸方向;倾角对岩体强度影响最大,迹长次之,温度影响最小。     

降压开采过程中含水合物沉积物的力学特性研究

天然气水合物是一种潜在的能源资源,开采过程中,水合物的分解会造成工程和地质等安全隐患。为研究降压开采过程中多因素综合影响条件下沉积物的力学性质,在自主研发的低温高压三轴仪上进行了不同围压条件下含水合物沉积物的剪切试验。试验结合常规三轴剪切及一个试样多级加荷的方法,并加入了水合物的降压分解过程。结果表明：水合物的存在可以显著提高沉积物的抗剪强度。在降压分解过程中,含水合物沉积物试样的力学强度受到有效围压和孔隙中水合物含量的综合影响。前期试样由于孔隙压力降低导致有效围压大幅增加,试样抗剪强度增大,后期由于水合物含量的大幅降低,试样在较高有效围压下抗剪强度下降。有效围压对含水合物沉积物试样的体积应变有较大的影响,较高的有效围压会导致含水合物试样产生显著的剪缩现象。     

Stonehenge—a unique Late Cretaceous phosphatic Chalk geology: implications for sea-level,climate and tectonics and impact on engineering and archaeology

Ground investigations for the A303 Stonehenge Tunnels revealed a unique and complex Chalk geology including the presence of the thickest (>20 m thick), and previously unknown phosphatic chalks in England, partly filling fault controlled erosional channels. The use of natural gamma-ray borehole logs to determine the presence and thickness of the phosphatic deposits is of particular value and combined with the lithostratigraphy, macrofossil and nannofossil biostratigraphy from cores has, for the first time, accurately constrained the Coniacian to Santonian age and the lenticular geometry of such deposits. Four phosphatic chalk events between 88.5–86.5 Ma are recognised associated with synsedimentary faulting. We suggest a causal link between tectonics, subsidence and channel-formation, phosphatisation events, pulses of oceanic upwelling on a frequency of about 0.5 million years to mantle-controlled plate tectonic episodes. The implications of this geology for construction of the A303 and the archaeology of the area are discussed.     

风雨兼程六十载，不忘初心向前行——纪念《探矿工程》杂志创刊60周年历史回顾

《探矿工程》杂志创刊于1957年10月。60年来,曾两度停刊、复刊,几次变更刊名,几易主办单位,在历届编委会和编辑部的努力和坚守下,在广大读者、作者的支持和陪伴下,顽强地走过了风雨兼程的60年。她在书写自己60年辉煌历史的同时,也完成了一部记录中国探矿工程技术发展历史的巨著。当前她正面临着来自学科调整、评价体系、新兴媒体等的冲击以及经济方面的压力。展望未来,将继续坚持注重实用性、理论与实践相结合、学习国外先进经验的办刊宗旨,继续做探矿工程（岩土钻掘工程）技术发展的忠实记录者。     

Microstructures and properties of TC4 ELI alloy with horizontal EBW for submersible manned cabin

The welding was one of the technologies to manufacture manned cabin, which was a significant part of the submersible. To improve the procedure, horizontal EBW was employed on TC4 ELI alloy with 60 mm thickness, and the microstructures and properties of the joints were investigated. The crystals and microstructures of the welds were homogeneous from the top to bottom, and the microhardness of the weld was equivalent, which was harder than that of the base metal. The tensile properties of the joints were homogeneous along the penetration. The tensile strength and yield strength of the joints were higher than those of the base metal, and the percentage elongation after fracture was 80% of the base metal, which indicated the strength mis-match as overmatching. The impact toughnesses of the welds were equivalent along the penetration, which reached 80% of the base metal. The joint specimens were bended to 180° with no cracks. The investigation verified the excellent procedure and properties of horizontal EBW, which would make China become one of the countries with the capacity of manufacturing submersible cabin.