低温对不同规格刺参幼参生长与耗氧率的影响

采用实验生态学方法, 选取（0.50±0.07）g（A）、（2.53±0.42）g（B）、（23.87±2.46）g（C）3 种不同规格的刺参（Apostichopus japonicus Selenta）幼参, 设置6℃（I）、8℃（II）、10℃（III）、13℃（IV）4 个不同温度处理组, 分析比较了低温对工厂...     

温度、盐度和pH对钝缀锦蛤耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为探究温度、盐度和pH对钝缀锦蛤(Tapes dorsatus)耗氧率和排氨率的影响,作者采用室内实验生态学方法研究了不同温度、盐度和pH对钝缀锦蛤呼吸代谢的影响。实验设定了5个温度梯度(18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃、30℃)、5个盐度梯度(18、21、24、27、30)和5个pH梯度(5、6、7、8、9)。结果表明,温度对钝缀锦蛤的耗氧率影响显著(P<0.05),但对排氨率影响不显著(P>0.05),在温度18～30℃范围内,耗氧率随温度的升高而升高,而排氨率随温度的升高先降后升;盐度对该贝的耗氧率和排氨率影响极显著(P<0.01),耗氧率和排氨率随盐度升高先上升后下降,耗氧率和排氨率峰值分别出现在盐度为27和24; pH对钝缀锦蛤的耗氧率和排氨率影响不显著(P>0.05), pH为6～9时,钝缀锦蛤的耗氧率和排氨率变化幅度较小。在温度18～30℃,耗氧率与排氨率之比(O∶N)为5.56～45.4;在盐度18～30,O∶N为17.14～40.09;在pH5～9范围内,O∶N为27.59～40.41。研究结果为进一步研究钝缀锦蛤的生理生态奠定了一定基础。     

南美洲鳗鲡(Anguilla rostrata)的耗氧率(ROC)、窒息点(AP)和适温范围(RT)及对非离子氨(NIA)、NO2-的LC50和SC的研究

为研究南美洲鳗鲡(Anguillarostrata)的耗氧率及其对水温、低溶氧、非离子氨和亚硝酸盐耐受性,本研究采用自制的鱼类呼吸装置测定其耗氧率和窒息点,以黑仔鳗为试验材料,探索其对水温、非离子氨、亚硝酸盐耐受性。结果表明,南美洲鳗鲡耗氧率存在昼夜变化,其昼间耗氧率为(86.46±37.77)mg/(kgh),夜间耗氧率为(123.58±22.56)mg/(kgh),二者存在显著性差异(P0.05);在15—30°C范围内,耗氧率随温度升高逐渐增大,耗氧率和水温的回归方程y=–0.1316x2+9.4507x–13.712(R2=0.9993);南美洲鳗鲡的耗氧率随体质量增大而降低,耗氧量随体质量增加而增大,耗氧量和体重的回归方程为y=0.2321x0.8334(R2=0.9979);在水温25°C时其窒息点随鱼体质量的增大而降低,均重10g、40g和160g的鳗鲡窒息点溶解氧浓度分别为(0.98±0.25)、(0.46±0.06)和(0.32±0.02)mg/L;13—29°C为南美洲鳗鲡的适温范围,25—29°C为其生长适宜水温,在一定范围内的短时低水温或高水温环境对其损伤是可逆的;水中非离子氨对南美洲鳗鲡的LC50和SC分别为12.22mg/L和1.22mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮对南美洲鳗鲡的LC50和SC分别为61.68mg/L和6.17mg/L。     

不同盐度对文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)呼吸代谢及体内酶活性的影响

为研究不同盐度对文蛤呼吸代谢的影响,本实验设置5个盐度(‰)梯度(11、18、25、32、39),检测不同盐度对文蛤(Meretrixmeretrix)耗氧和排氨的影响,以及文蛤的外套膜、鳃、肝胰腺三种组织中乳酸脱氢酶和Na+/K+-ATP酶活性的变化。结果表明:随着盐度的不断升高,文蛤耗氧率先升后降再升,在盐度18时达到最大值;排氨率先升后降,在盐度32时达到最大值。随着盐度不断升高和胁迫时间延长,文蛤的肝胰腺中乳酸脱氢酶活力总体呈先升高后下降再升高的趋势(P0.05),酶活力在盐度39时为最高;随着盐度不断升高和胁迫时间延长,文蛤的外套膜中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力总体呈先下降再升高后下降的趋势(P0.05),在盐度32时为最高;文蛤的外套膜和鳃中乳酸脱氢酶活力以及鳃和肝胰腺中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力受盐度影响不显著(P0.05),酶活力变化也多呈现"W"形的变化趋势。研究结果为文蛤的人工养殖提供参考。     

体重和温度对华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobilis)耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法对华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率进行了研究。旨在为华贵栉孔扇贝养殖容量的调查及生态生理的研究提供参考,并可为海洋生态系统动力学和贝类能量学研究提供科学依据。实验结果表明,在实验温度(13—33℃)范围内,华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率(OR)和排氨率(NR)与体重(W)都呈负相关,可以用Y=aW-b表示。华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和温度的关系可以表示为OR=-c+b1T-b2T2。在13—28℃温度范围内,华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率随温度的升高而增加,28℃时,耗氧率达到最大值,温度升高到33℃时,耗氧率反而下降。而排氨率与温度的关系可以表示为1NR=c1edT,在实验温度范围内,排氨率随温度的升高则呈持续升高趋势。华贵栉孔扇贝呼吸和排泄Q10值范围分别为0.466—2.471和1.129—2.437。在23—28℃温度范围内,不同规格华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率的比值(原子数O:N)较高。方差分析表明,体重、温度及二者的交互作用对华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率均有极显著的影响(P0.01)。华贵栉孔扇贝的日常代谢明显高于标准代谢,耗氧率和排氨率平均值分别提高29.9%和69.4%。     

Limpets as prey: Lipophrys pholis choice for size

Patellid limpets are key species on rocky shores, structuring intertidal assemblages through their grazing. Their role as prey for fish is, however, often overlooked in studies of intertidal ecosystem functioning. The shanny Lipophrys pholis is a common predator of limpets on rocky shores in Northern Europe and, in this study, we examined the characteristics of its predation on limpets based on prey size. The limpet size range that adult L. pholis (10–12.5 cm) can eat was examined in the laboratory using Patella depressa in 0.2 cm classes, varying between 0.5 cm and 3.0 cm in maximum shell length. There was a limpet size refuge above 1.8 cm, while all smaller sizes were readily consumed by the shanny. The predator attacking behaviour was also examined and found to vary with prey size. Limpets up to 0.8 cm were crushed by the jaw‐constricting force and eaten whole, whereas larger prey were prised from the substratum and the body subsequently separated from the shell. To examine whether there was a L. pholis preference for P. depressa size, a two‐stage laboratory experiment was done using two size classes defined as small (0.7–0.8 cm maximum shell length) and large (1.5–1.6 cm maximum shell length). In the first stage, the predator was given each limpet size class separately. In the second stage, the fish was given a choice between the two classes. Lipophrys pholis was shown to have a preference for the large size class (1.5–1.6 cm). The average number of limpets consumed by the shanny was examined for the duration of one high‐tide typical of the central region of Portugal (≈ 4 h). On average, approximately five limpets (up to an eight limpet maximum) were consumed. The present study shows that L. pholis has a feeding preference based on limpet size, which suggests that the limpet population structure and intra‐ and inter‐specific interactions may be influenced by the shanny predation.     

Hydraulic performance of vertical walls with horizontal slots used as breakwater

The hydrodynamic performance of a vertical wall with permeable lower part (horizontal slots) was experimentally and theoretically studied under normal regular waves. The effect of different wave and structural parameters was investigated e.g. the wave length, the upper part draft, and the lower part porosity. Also, the theoretical model based on an Eigen Function Expansion Method and a Least Square Technique was developed. In order to examine the validity of the theoretical model, the theoretical results were compared with the present experimental results and with the results obtained from different previous studies. Comparison between experiments and predictions showed that the theoretical model provides a good estimate of the wave transmission, reflection, and energy dissipation coefficients when the friction factor f = 5.5. In general, the tested model gives transmission coefficients less than 0.5 and reflection coefficients larger than 0.5 when the relative wave length h/L is larger than 0.3, the relative upper part draft D/h larger than 0.36, and lower part porosity ε less than 0.5. Also, the tested model dissipates about 50% of the incident wave energy when the relative wave length h/L is in the range of 0.25 to 0.35.     

兰州市南山绿化地裸地冬季地表辐射及能量收支对比

利用2005年12月7~29日在兰州市皋兰山顶获取的地气相互作用观测资料,对比分析了冬季典型晴天和平均状态下绿化地与裸地地表辐射、能量收支及土壤温、湿度的日变化特征。结果表明:绿化地和裸地太阳总辐射、大气长波辐射很接近,地表短波和长波向上辐射因不同下垫面特征不同而差异较大;地表能量平衡绿化地、裸地均以感热输送为主,土壤热通量和潜热输送很小,尤其是潜热通量,峰值往往不超过10 W.m-2;观测发现绿化地感热比裸地高,这一反常现象值得进一步研究证实;观测期平均特征与晴天比较接近,表明云和降雪的扰动影响有限;绿化地、裸地地表日平均反照率相对稳定,绿化地日平均反照率在0.20~0.28之间变化,裸地在0.25~0.31之间变化,平均值分别为0.21和0.29。     

Neoliberal energy transitions in the South: Kenyan experiences

What is the relationship between the direction and form of an energy transition and the political economy within which it is embedded? This paper explores how the nature of (low carbon) energy transitions is strongly influenced by the process of neoliberalisation that shape energy policy in the South. We seek to understand emergent energy transitions and to advance their theorisation through an account of the political economy of energy transition in Kenya. In contrast to the often techno-managerial orientation of literatures on socio-technical transitions, we explore the political terrain upon which competing visions of energy futures and material interests collide and seek to accommodate one another. We develop a political economy account that emphasises the structural and disciplinary power of capital and global institutions to set the terms of transition. This expresses itself in both delimiting the autonomy of state actors and by reconfiguring domestic institutional and social power in ways that shape the distributional politics of transitions.     

Regional evapotranspiration rate of oasis and surrounding desert

The surface energy balance algorithm for land method was used in this study to calculate the evapotranspiration (ET) rate for the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Gansu Province, China, to analyse ET distribution within the oasis and the surrounding desert and, especially, on the edge zone of the oasis. Five profile graphs were created vertical to the river. Because of the inverse humidity phenomenon, the least amount of evapotranspiration occurred on the desert close to the oasis. The average evapotranspiration rate was roughly proportioned from the edge of the oasis to inside and outside its boundary. Two meteorological ground stations located close to the oasis edge showed a notable difference in net radiation flux that led to the difference found in ET. The primary reason for the significant differences observed in net radiation may be largely the result of differences in flux reflectivity and surface temperature. Meteorological data show that water supply also played an important role. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.