甘肃省阿克塞5.5级地震震害调查与启示

2021年8月26日甘肃省酒泉市阿克塞哈萨克族自治县（38.88°N, 95.50°E）发生5.5级地震,震源深度15 km,震中烈度为Ⅶ度,震区总面积为1 352 km2,距震中30 km处存在烈度异常点。本次地震震害较轻,未造成人员伤亡,经济损失较轻。本文从地震应急响应、现场震害调查、建筑物破坏情况调研、烈度评定、灾害损失评估等方面对本次地震震害特点进行分析总结,对造成震害的致灾因素进行深入分析,得出震害经验和相应的防震减灾启示,以便本地区查找防震减灾不利因素,进而采取属地化措施,尽可能减轻未来地震灾害损失。     

烟台市王家庄地下水应急水源地评价

依据烟台市王家庄地区地质、水文地质条件,进行了地下水开采性抽水试验,计算了该区在开采条件下的地下水补给量为1.11×104m3/d。按每天应急供水量2×104m3计算,预测水源地运行3个月的地下水位下降40.5m,6个月下降81m。     

甘肃省城市应急供水水源地规划研究

依据近年来从事项目所收集的资料,结合前人的研究成果,为甘肃省62个城市规划了66处城市供水应急水源地。其中：地下水水源地51处,占规划应急水源地的77.27%;地表水水源地15处,占规划应急水源地的22.73%;同时指出应进一步开展城市供水应急水源地勘查工作,评价应急开采量或可供水量,提高城市应对突发事件的保障水平。     

Application of an earthquake early warning system and a real-time strong motion monitoring system in emergency response in a high-rise building

We apply a combination of earthquake early warning system (EEWS) and real-time strong motion monitoring system (RSMS) to emergency response for a high-rise building; The Kogakuin University has a 29-story high-rise building in Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo. The proposed strategy is based on the Plan, Do, Check, Action (PDCA) Cycle to brush up the systems and the users: in the “Plan” stage, we apply EEWS and RSMS to the building, where EEWS predicts not only short-period strong ground motions but also long-period ground motions [1]. The system is built into a building announcement system, an emergency elevator control system, and an email message system, which quickly send emails to the emergency response team. Meanwhile, RSMS provides information on seismic intensities at each floor of the building via the web browser in real time using the existing network in the building. In addition, the building response and structural damage can be estimated based on this information. The network system is impervious to the earthquake damage, because the network cable has extra length, there is, however, possible that a network system does not work due to power outage. Thus, we develop the network system that has uninterruptible power-supply system (UPS) and apply it to EEWS and RSMS. The high-rise building has the emergency call units to the security control center in the building on every floor. The emergency call line, however, will be busy promptly, because it is able to use only one line. Therefore, we installed IP telephone which uses the network system on main floors. UPS will work about 30 min after a major earthquake, it is supposed to be enough time for gathering the damage information about the building during initial response. In the “Do” stage, we prepare emergency response instruction manuals and educate the faculty members and students to carry out promptly emergency response. In the “Check” stage, the validity of the proposed systems are verified by carrying out an earthquake drill in an actual high-rise building. The earthquake drill confirmed that our proposed approach is valid. In the final “Action” stage, we improve these systems and emergency response manual and educate people in the building how to use effectively these systems.     

The Emergency Scientific Investigation on the Surface Rupture Zone of the M_S 7.1 Yushu Earthquake

The coseismic surface rupture zone of the seismogenic fault of the MS7.1 Yushu earthquake includes three left-stepping main ruptures, striking 300°～320°, in general. An approximately 2km-long en echelon tension fissure zone was found at Longbao town. The main rupture in the northern part is about 16km long, about 9km long in the middle part, and about 7km long in the southern part, with a total length of 34km. Each of the main ruptures consists of a series of en echelon sub-ruptures represented by a series of compression bulges alternating with tension fissures or by en echelon fissures. The rupture at Changusi, the southernmost of the ruptures, is characterized by vertical displacement, with a value of 50cm. The rupture zone shows left-lateral strike-slip characteristics. The maximal horizontal slip is on the northern main rupture, with a value of 1.8m.     

由大震现场救援分析制定标准工作程序的必要性

一个高效、实用和可操作的地震应急救援管理体系,需要在灾害预防、应急准备、应急处置及灾后恢复四个阶段有足够的建设指导和标准规范,而我国地震应急预案在这方面存在明显的不足.通过分析大震现场救援暴露的问题,借鉴国外先进经验,讨论了制定地震紧急救援标准工作程序的必要性,并提出9条标准工作程序的制定建议.     

我国应急科普研究的发展现状与展望

应急科普主要是对自然灾害、事故灾难等突发公共事件预防与处置的知识和能力进行普及,分为日常应急科普和战时应急科普。近年来,我国应急科普研究与实践受到较多关注,专家学者们从应急管理角度开展应急科普体系、体制机制等研究,从传播效果角度开展应急科普内容、渠道等研究。国家对应急管理和科普的高度重视,决定了应急科普研究将持续受到关注。今后将主要聚焦应急科普体系现代化建设、应急科普宣教等主题展开理论研究和实践研究。     

A modified particle swarm optimization algorithm for optimal allocation of earthquake emergency shelters

Allocation for earthquake emergency shelters is a complicated geographic optimization problem because it involves multiple sites, strict constraints, and discrete feasible domain. Huge solution space makes the problem computationally intractable. Traditional brute-force methods can obtain exact optimal solutions. However, it is not sophisticated enough to solve the complex optimization problem with reasonable time especially in high-dimensional solution space. Artificial intelligent algorithms hold the promise of improving the effectiveness of location search. This article proposes a modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to deal with the allocation problem of earthquake emergency shelter. A new discrete PSO and the feasibility-based rule are incorporated according to the discrete solution space and strict constraints. In addition, for enhancing search capability, simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is employed to escape from local optima. The modified algorithm has been applied to the allocation of earthquake emergency shelters in the Zhuguang Block of Guangzhou City, China. The experiments have shown that the algorithm can identify the number and locations of emergency shelters. The modified PSO algorithm shows a better performance than other hybrid algorithms presented in the article, and is an effective approach for the allocation problem of earthquake emergency shelters.     

从汶川和芦山地震浅析四川地震次生地质灾害的特点及减灾对策

汶川和芦山地震后四川地震次生灾害频繁发生,以崩塌、滑坡、泥石流和堰塞湖最为常见,主要分布在川西高原、川西南山地的深切河谷地区以及四川地区周围山地.这些次生灾害以活动断裂为地质构造基础,以地表大量松散固体为物质来源,以强烈频繁的余震、坡面流水和暴雨洪水为动力条件,由此形成巨大的灾害链,造成大量人员伤亡和经济损失,其严重后果甚至极大地影响了抗震救灾工作的顺利开展.对于四川地震次生灾害的防治要加强监控,建立预警机制,开展风险评估,因害设防,分层防御.     

社会救援力量业务的经费保障风险防控策略研究

社会救援力量业务的经费保障对社会救援队伍的建设至关重要。基于社会救援力量业务的经费保障现状,研究了为什么要进行社会救援力量业务经费保障,剖析了社会救援力量经费保障的不同阶段(经费筹措管理、经费日常管理、经费支出管理及经费监督管理)遇到的风险问题,并有针对性地提出了社会救援力量业务的经费保障风险防控优化对策。研究表明,开展此项研究有助于进一步丰富社会救援力量业务的经费保障理论体系,也有助于社会救援力量的持续健康发展。