Comparisons of two global built area land cover datasets in methods to disaggregate human population in eleven countries from the global South

ABSTRACT

Mapping built land cover at unprecedented detail has been facilitated by increasing availability of global high-resolution imagery and image processing methods. These advances in urban feature extraction and built-area detection can refine the mapping of human population densities, especially in lower income countries where rapid urbanization and changing population is accompanied by frequently out-of-date or inaccurate census data. However, in these contexts it is unclear how best to use built-area data to disaggregate areal, count-based census data. Here we tested two methods using remotely sensed, built-area land cover data to disaggregate population data. These included simple, areal weighting and more complex statistical models with other ancillary information. Outcomes were assessed across eleven countries, representing different world regions varying in population densities, types of built infrastructure, and environmental characteristics. We found that for seven of 11 countries a Random Forest-based, machine learning approach outperforms simple, binary dasymetric disaggregation into remotely-sensed built areas. For these more complex models there was little evidence to support using any single built land cover input over the rest, and in most cases using more than one built-area data product resulted in higher predictive capacity. We discuss these results and implications for future population modeling approaches.     

关于“衬砌工程冻害新思维”问题的商榷

中国农业大学低温工程试验研究室刘镜仁同志,在《渠道（沟）衬砌工程冻害治理的新思维及试验研究》一文中,提出了一些与《渠系工程抗冻胀设计规范》ＳＬ２３－９１相左的观点文章有针对性地论述了渠道衬砌中的冻害研究范畴、渠床的冻胀融沉和衬砌体的破坏、允许冻胀位移值与允许残余变形量等问题．并介绍了《渠系工程抗冻胀设计规范》编制中的一些情况     

Uncertainty in differential settlements of bridge foundations and retaining walls

ABSTRACT

In the bridge design specifications of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) using the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method, the loads and resulting force effects are given two-letter designations, e.g. “SE” for “force effects due to settlement”. The SE load factor is used to develop factored values of the induced force effects such as moments and shears in a bridge structure due to foundation movements. In 2018 AASHTO committees voted to adopt calibrated values of the SE load factors that account for the uncertainty in predicted foundation movements from different analytical methods. However, additional uncertainty can occur in the differential settlements. This paper explores the additional uncertainty in differential settlements of bridge foundations and retaining walls using the datasets for two analytical methods that were used by AASHTO to develop the SE load factors for foundation settlement. Normalised probability exceedance charts (NPECs), that integrate the concept of reliability index and data correlation, have been developed and their application in bridge and wall design process is discussed for a variety of scenarios. Guidance is provided for the practical implementation of differential settlement in bridge analysis through an example problem.     

橡胶-粉土轻质混合土中管道动力响应特性

埋地管道在交通荷载等作用下会发生破坏，对区域内的经济和生活造成较大的影响。近年来废弃橡胶轮胎颗粒与土混合成轻质土逐渐被用于路基填料等领域。设计完成了冲击动载下橡胶?粉土轻质混合土中管道动力响应特性的模型试验，采用等体积置换法在地基土中掺入0%、10%、20%、30%的废轮胎颗粒，通过路基的表层沉降以及埋地管道的变形特性来研究轻质混合土作为路基填料的减振性能。试验结果表明，加入橡胶颗粒能有效减小路基表层沉降，当橡胶含量10%时，路基沉降减小最明显；埋地管道在冲击动载的作用下表现出“压扁”的形态特征，加入橡胶颗粒能明显减小埋地管道的应变及弯矩响应，当橡胶含量为20%和30%时，管道的应变和弯矩减小更为明显。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

高精度GPS城市沉降监测网的数据处理与精度分析

为了研究用GPS观测取代常规的水准测量方法来监测城市沉降变化的可行性，在宁波市建立了有7个点组成的GPS基准网和14个点组成的GPS监测网。在观测中采取了一定的措施，以获得高精度的高程分量。用Bernese软件对数据进行处理时顾及到对流层延迟的影响，采用Saastamoinen模型，获得了mm级的高程精度，这将有助于提高沉降监测的效率。     

渗透释水规律在深层粘性土变形沉降预测中的作用

笔者对海口市地下水开采漏斗区深层饱和粘性土进行模拟抽水作用下固结渗透联合试验和高压固结试验等室内试验研究，认为深层正常固结和超固结的饱和粘性土，在地下水开采水位持续降低的情况下仍会释水变形；土的物理力学参数均为变量。初步探讨粘性土孔隙水渗透、释水规律，提出运用该规律预测地面沉降的方法。     

浅谈原本地质科技档案的整理

随着信息技术突飞猛进的向前发展，人类已经进入了一个数字化、网络化的新时代。针对如何使现有的原本地质科技档案的管理工作适应新形势的要求，提出了对原本地质科技档案重新整编的原则、方法，以及能使原本地质科技档案符合规范化、标准化要求，以达灵活方便、事半功倍之目的。     

Foundation settlement statistics via finite element analysis

The dispersion observed in soil data comes both from the spatial variability which greatly influences the behavior of large structures and from errors in testing. Thus, the geotechnical engineering deals with uncertainties for which deterministic approaches are not suitable. The resort to probabilistic techniques, enables modeling uncertainties by analyzing their dispersion effect on the global behavior of the structure. The scope of this paper is analyzing settlement and differential settlement variability of a pair of foundations on random heterogeneous medium. The random soil properties of interest are the elastic modulus, and the Poisson ratio. The elastic modulus is modeled as a spatially random field by adopting the lognormal distribution, which enables analyzing its large variability. Because soil Poisson ratio is bounded in practice between two extreme values, its random field is obtained by using the Beta distribution. In this study, one proposes for the Beta field determination, a mapping technique on the probability distribution function diagram, by solving a non-linear equation. However, the mean and variance are unchanged through the mapping operation. Because the soil Poisson ratio is a positive parameter, one prefers to perform the mapping operation with the probability function of the lognormal distribution. Also, the proposed technique can be used for other bounded soil properties such as the porosity. In this paper, settlement and differential settlement statistics prediction are carried out using Monte Carlo simulations combined with deterministic finite element method (DFEM). A performed parametric study shows the following: (i) as the variability of the elastic modulus increases as settlement and differential settlement statistics are important, also, settlement statistics decreases as the Poisson ratio variability increases, and differential settlement statistics do not seem be affected by its variability. (ii) settlement and differential settlement statistics are important for positive inter-property correlation. (iii) a great influence of the correlation lengths on settlement and differential settlement statistics.     

神经网络技术在路堤沉降预测中应用探讨

针对传统的BP网络模型的不足，应用了改进的BP神经网络模型，把它应用到软基高速公路的路堤沉降预测中，提出了两种构造神经网络训练样本的思路，并分别进行了计算和对比，指出了各自的优、缺点。结果表明改进的BP网络模型比较稳健、收敛快，而且根据时间与对应的沉降量形成的样本训练的网络预测出的工后沉降误差小、精度高。