Extreme irgarol tolerance in an Ulva lactuca L. population on the Swedish west coast

The herbicide irgarol 1051 is commonly used on ship hulls to prevent growth of algae, but as a component of self-eroding paints it can also spread in the surrounding waters and affect non-target organisms. The effect of irgarol on settlement and growth of zoospores from the marine macro algae Ulva lactuca from the Gullmar fjord on the Swedish west coast was investigated in the present study. The zoospores were allowed to settle and grow in the presence of irgarol, but neither settlement – nor growth inhibition was observed at concentrations of up to 2000 nmol l⁻¹. This is between 10 and 100 times higher than effect concentrations reported earlier for algae. Irgarol also induced the greening effect (4-fold increase in chlorophyll a content) in the settled zoospore/germling population, typical for photosystem II inhibitors like irgarol. This study support previous findings that irgarol constitutes a selection pressure in the marine environment.     

Settlement distribution and its relationship with environmental changes from the Neolithic to Shang-Zhou dynasties in northern Shandong, China

In this paper, the spatial and temporal distribution of the settlement sites of six periods from the Neolithic Age to the Shang and Zhou dynasties in northern Shandong was investigated using the ArcGIS program, and the relationship between settlement distribution and environmental changes was discussed, based on the proxy records of climatic and environmental change contained in the sediments from three sections at the Shuangwangcheng site and the previous work. The results show that the climate was warm and humid and the sea level was relatively high during the period of 8000-5000 a BP in the study area, and the ancient people lived in the relatively flat （slope of 〈2°） areas at high elevation （20-300 m above sea level）, such as diluvial tableland and alluvial plain. On the other hand, few archaeological sites in the low-lying plain in the west of the study area indicate that few people lived there during that period. This might be attributed to frequent flooding in the area. After 5000 years ago, the scope of human activity extended to the area close to the sea because the relatively colder and drier climate results in sea-level fall, meanwhile the low-lying plain in the west was occupied by the ancient people. The study area of this period was characterized by the rapid development of prehistoric culture, the intensified social stratification and the emergence of early city-states. However, around 4000 a BP, the abrupt change in climate and the increase in frequency and intensity of floods severely disrupted human activities, and eventually led to the decline of the Yueshi culture. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the climatic conditions gradually stabilized in a mild-dry state, which promoted the redevelopment and flourish of the Bronze Culture. The previous situation, which was characteristic of sparse human settlements due to freshwater shortage and unfitted conditions for sedentary agriculture, changed during the Shang and Zhou dynasties in northern coastal wetlands.Local residents effectively adapted themselves to the tough environmental conditions by producing sea-salt, which led to the rapid growth of human activities.     

Analysis of creep settlement of pile groups in linear viscoelastic soil

This paper presents the analysis of creep settlement of pile groups for line pile groups, square pile groups, and rectangular pile groups undergoing creep settlements over a period of time. The soil is treated as a viscoelastic material and is modeled using a three-parameter viscoelastic model. The damping component (dashpot) takes care of the permanent time-dependent deformations in three-parameter viscoelastic model. An approach suggested by Mindlin has been employed to calculate the stress distribution along the pile length in a group. The viscoelastic problem is converted into an elastic problem by the application of Laplace transform. Results in the form of variation of interaction factors for parameters such as pile length to diameter ratio, pile spacing, Poisson's ratio, and modulus ratio have been presented. Comparison has been made between interaction factors for piles groups undergoing immediate settlements and creep settlements. Finally, a typical predictive example has been presented for a 3 × 3 pile group showing creep settlement. The load rearrangement due to creep settlements causes about 5% to 35% increase in base resistance over time. Interaction factors for pile groups (2 × 1, 3 × 1, 2 × 2, and 3 × 2) undergoing creep settlement is about 15% to 55% higher than the interaction factors considering only the immediate settlements for pile group spacing less than or equal to 5d.     

劈裂注浆抬升既有管道效果分析及工程应用

地铁车站施工中常穿越大量的市政管道,由于隧道开挖引起地层损失和地表沉降,地下管道将会发生变形,往往影响地铁施工,注浆是对地下管道进行沉降控制的主要技术措施。以北京地铁黄庄站下穿热力管道抬升注浆工程为研究对象,利用三维有限差分数值方法分析了新建车站开挖引起超大管道的变形特征。结果表明,在抬升区注浆单元施加膨胀压力可以较好模拟注浆抬升既有管道的效果;采用应变软化模型,可以有效模拟土体材料的弹塑性力学行为,反映注浆完成后浆脉的固结和周围土体的湿陷作用。对比注浆抬升模拟计算和沉降监测结果,验证了有限差分数值方法模拟劈裂注浆抬升管道过程的正确性和有效性。同时模拟分析注浆抬升管道的影响因素,获得了一些规律性的认识,为劈裂注浆抬升地下管道工程的施工和设计提供指导。     

利用EVP模型确定堆载预压法的卸载时机

在Bjerrum等时 曲线图的基础上,利用殷建华和Graham的一维EVP模型,在考虑土体次固结沉降的情况下,依据运行期限和运行期允许的沉降量等参数获得等载预压卸载时的临界孔隙比,进而求得控制超载预压和欠载预压卸载时的临界孔隙比,由此可计算出控制堆载预压卸载时机的临界沉降量,克服传统堆载预压依据主固结理论无法反映堆载预压降低次固结变形的缺陷。根据欠载预压的临界孔隙比公式,可计算出最小预压荷载。在推导欠载预压临界孔隙比的过程中,提出新假说A理论,证明了新假说A与假说B近似等价的充分条件。算例表明,由于考虑了软土预压期的次固结变形,堆载预压地基的总沉降量和卸载时的临界沉降量要比有效应力面积比法的大。     

Asaoka法推算软基沉降偏差的修正方法探讨

基于大量实测软基沉降监测数据,分析了恒载预压期长短对Asaoka法推算沉降的影响,发现用该法推算珠三角地区软基沉降所需要最短恒载预压期为4个月;提出了Asaoka法推算软基最终沉降的修正公式,可减小由预压期较短而引起的沉降推算偏差。     

浙江某高层预应力管桩偏位和上浮处理实例分析

结合工程实例分析了预应力管桩产生偏位的原因,介绍了偏位预应力管桩的处理方法。首先测量每根管桩的桩顶偏位和上浮情况,然后对所有管桩进行低应变动测,确定桩身损伤情况及缺陷部位,最后根据管桩偏位和损伤情况采取有针对性的处理措施。工程中对上浮桩采用复打复压处理;对严重偏位且断裂桩进行补预应力管桩处理;对偏位超过规范值但桩身质量完好的桩进行纠偏扶正处理;对偏位较大且桩身有损伤的桩进行先纠偏扶正,并在管桩内芯放钢筋笼灌芯加固处理;对群桩大面积偏位损伤部分由于处理后承载力达不到设计要求需要采用补桩处理。建筑物经上述处理后的实测最大沉降仅为 9 mm,且沉降较为均匀。     

某住宅楼倾斜原因及相关规范问题的讨论

分析了导致其倾斜的主要原因：①设计中对在高压缩湿陷性黄土地基上进行大面积填土认识不足;②忽视了周边环境的影响及工程活动对环境改变所产生的反作用;③勘察时将新近堆积黄土误判为一般风成湿陷性黄土。指出了在这一地区进行工程设计时容易忽视的问题：只盯着可能会发生的湿陷变形而忽视了必然要发生的压缩变形。对相关的两个规范问题进行了讨论：①通过理论分析和试验验证了在室内湿陷试验中采用固定浸水压力的不合理性;②对计算湿陷量公式中系数? 和?0的合理性提出了质疑,并给出了修改建议,有助于澄清对于湿陷系数和计算湿陷量的模糊认识。     

山区公路典型沥青路面结构容许横向沉降差研究

大量的研究表明,路基不均匀沉降导致上部路面结构在车辆重复荷载作用下出现早期的破坏,严重影响了路面服务性能,而现有的路面结构设计未考虑路基不均匀沉降对路面结构的影响。在以往对路基不均匀沉降研究的基础上,采用有限元程序ABAQUS分析了在路基发生不均匀沉降条件下,路面承受车辆重复荷载作用的动力学响应以及路面开裂的变化过程,引入损伤变量定量描述了路面的破坏过程,分析了路基横向沉降差对路面开裂的影响,并参照路基边坡稳定安全系数的定义及规范取值。在此基础上,提出了山区公路典型沥青路面结构的容许横向沉降差值为2.2‰,并建议将其作为路基路面结构整体设计的一个控制指标加以考虑,以避免路基不均匀沉降导致的路面早期破坏,从而提高山区高等级公路的设计及建造水平。     

Seismic displacement analysis of embankment dams with reinforced cohesive shell

Suitable materials for use as shell of embankment dams are clean coarse-grained soils or natural rockfill. In some sites these materials may not be available at an economic distance from the dam axis. The use of in-situ cohesive soils reinforced with geotextiles as the shell is suggested in this study for such cases. Dynamic behavior of reinforced embankment dam is evaluated through fully coupled nonlinear effective stress dynamic analysis. A practical pore generation model has been employed to incorporate pore pressure build up during cyclic loading. Parametric analyses have been performed to study the effect of reinforcements on the seismic behavior of the reinforced dam. Results showed that reinforcements placed within the embankment reduce horizontal and vertical displacements of the dam as well as crest settlements. Maximum shear strains within the embankment also decreased as a result of reinforcing. Furthermore, it was observed that reinforcements cause amplification in maximum horizontal crest acceleration.