加卸载响应比的新进展

本文对此作简要介绍。主要有下三方面：①预测效果好：2004年发生在中国大陆有资料地区的ML≥15级地震共17次,其中15次落入用加卸载响应比方法于2003年底预测的区域内。②通过大量基础研究(包括数值模拟,岩石力学实验及统计细观损伤力学研究),使加卸载响应比理论(LURR)建立在一个比较牢靠的科学基础上。③LURR有很大的潜力和发展空间。未来的发展空间,除预测天然地震外,还可能对矿震、水库地震、滑坡等自然灾害,甚至其它自然系统以致社会系统的灾变作出预测。     

A laboratory study on groundwater quality and mass movement occurrence

In this study, soil samples collected from the sides of two streams with high debris flow potential at Shenmu and Fengchiou village in Nantou County, Taiwan, were used for seepage tank tests in the laboratory. While the tests were being conducted, observations were made to investigate the relationships among displacement of the slope, quality of the seepage water and occurrence of mass movement. The results showed that according to the change rate, displacement could be divided into two stages, namely, the initial failure displacement stage and primary failure displacement stage. While the displacement of the slope was in primary failure displacement stages, the probability of slope failure became much higher. Before general slope failure, electrical conductivity (EC) and sulfate ion (SO₄ ²⁻) concentration of the seepage water increased significantly. The time when EC of the seepage water started to increase rapidly was much earlier than that when displacement of the slope started to increase significantly. Therefore, from the hazard mitigation view, there will be a longer time for response if EC of the seepage water was monitored.     

Could CoRoT-7b and Kepler-10b be remnants of evaporated gas or ice giants?

We present thermal mass loss calculations over evolutionary time scales for the investigation if the smallest transiting rocky exoplanets CoRoT-7b (∼1.68R_Earth) and Kepler-10b (∼1.416R_Earth) could be remnants of an initially more massive hydrogen-rich gas giant or a hot Neptune-class exoplanet. We apply a thermal mass loss formula which yields results that are comparable to hydrodynamic loss models. Our approach considers the effect of the Roche lobe, realistic heating efficiencies and a radius scaling law derived from observations of hot Jupiters. We study the influence of the mean planetary density on the thermal mass loss by placing hypothetical exoplanets with the characteristics of Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus to the orbital location of CoRoT-7b at 0.017 AU and Kepler-10b at 0.01684 AU and assuming that these planets orbit a K- or G-type host star. Our findings indicate that hydrogen-rich gas giants within the mass domain of Saturn or Jupiter cannot thermally lose such an amount of mass that CoRoT-7b and Kepler-10b would result in a rocky residue. Moreover, our calculations show that the present time mass of both rocky exoplanets can be neither a result of evaporation of a hydrogen envelope of a “Hot Neptune” nor a “Hot Uranus”-class object. Depending on the initial density and mass, these planets most likely were always rocky planets which could lose a thin hydrogen envelope, but not cores of thermally evaporated initially much more massive and larger objects.     

Estimation of elemental abundances of the lunar regolith using clementine UVVIS+NIR data

In this study we propose a regression model for the estimation of lunar elemental abundances from spectral features extracted from Clementine multispectral imagery in the visible and near-infrared domain. We extract a set of spectral features, including the continuum slope, the FWHM of the ferrous absorption trough near 1000 nm, and the wavelengths and relative depths of the absorption minima and inflection points present in the trough. As a “ground truth” for the elemental abundances we rely on the Lunar Prospector gamma ray spectrometer (LP GRS) data. With respect to the elemental abundances of the Apollo and Luna landing sites independently derived from returned samples, the best examined regression model is a second-order polynomial. The proposed regression-based approach allows an estimation of the elemental abundances of Ca, Al, Fe, Mg, and O at an accuracy of about 1 wt% and some tenths of a weight percent for Ti. We examine the influence of calibration of the Clementine UVVIS+NIR data and find that its effect on the results obtained with the regression approach is minor. Furthermore, we define a three-endmember model which allows the petrographic mapping of the lunar surface materials in terms of their Fe, Mg, and Al abundances. We examine the global distribution of Mg-rich rocks, the distribution of cryptomaria, and the occurrence of aluminous mare basalts in the Frigoris region. A possible regional compositional anomaly in northwestern Oceanus Procellarum is found, which corresponds to an extended area displaying spectral characteristics consistent with mare basalt containing significant amounts of olivine. On local scales, we examine in terms of our regression model the highland craters Proclus and Tycho, the compositionally anomalous central peaks of the craters Copernicus and Bullialdus, and the pyroclastic deposits on the floor of Alphonsus and on the northern rim of Petavius. As a general result, we show that the regression-based approach allows the detection of the main lunar terrain classes and rock types based on multispectral imagery in the visible and near-infrared domain.     

Tempo-spatial Variation of Nutrient and Chlorophyll-a Concentrations From Summer to Winter in the Zhangzi Island Area （Northern Yellow Sea）

Nutrient and Chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） concentrations were investigated monthly along three transects extending from a mariculturc area to open waters around the Zhangzi Island area from July to December 2009. The objective of this study is to illus- trate food availability to the bottom-sowed scallop Patinopecten yessoensis under the influences of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （YSCWM）, freshwater input and feedbacks of cultivated scallops. Significant thermal stratification was present in open waters from July to October, and salinity decreased in July and August in surface layers in the mariculture area. Nutrient concentrations increased with depth in both areas in summer, but were similar through water column in November and December. On average, nutrient in- creased from summer to autumn in all components except ammonia. Nutrient concentrations lower than the minimum thresholds for phytoplankton growth were present only in upper layers in summer, but stoichiometric nitrogen limitation existed in the entire inves- tigation period. Column-averaged Chl-a concentration was lower in open waters than in mariculture area in all months. It increased significantly in mariculturc area in August and October, and was less variable in open waters. Our results show that nutrients limita- tion to phytoplankton growth is present mainly in upper layer in association with stratification caused by YSCWM in summer. Freshwater input and upwelling of nutrients accumulated in YSCWM can stimulate phytoplankton production in mariculture area. Farming activities may change stoichiometric nutrient ratios but have less influence on Chl-a concentration.     

Dynamic response and optimal design of structures with large mass ratio TMD

This paper investigates the dynamic behavior and the seismic effectiveness of a non‐conventional Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) with large mass ratio. Compared with conventional TMD, the device mass is increased up to be comparable with the mass of the structure to be protected, aiming at a better control performance. In order to avoid the introduction of an excessive additional weight, masses already present on the structure are converted into tuned masses, retaining structural or architectural functions beyond the mere control function. A reduced order model is introduced for design purposes and the optimal design of a large mass ratio TMD for seismic applications is then formulated. The design method is specifically developed to implement High‐Damping Rubber Bearings (HDRB) to connect the device mass to the main structure, taking advantage of combining stiffness and noticeable damping characteristics. Ground acceleration is modeled as a Gaussian random process with white noise power spectral density. A numerical searching technique is used to obtain the optimal design parameter, the frequency ratio alpha, which minimizes the root‐mean‐square displacement response of the main structure. The study finally comprises shaking table tests on a 1:5 scale model under a wide selection of accelerograms, both artificial and natural, to assess the seismic effectiveness of the proposed large mass ratio TMD. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈地震灾害符号体系构建的理论框架

地震灾害符号的研究已经成为地震应急工作的一项重要内容,本文借助于符号学及传播学的方法论,在分析地震灾害符号的符号学内涵、使用人群和传播内容的基础上,探讨了地震灾害符号体系的特点及构建原则。地震本身的特殊性和破坏性决定了地震灾害符号体系的特殊性和时间性,本文在遵循实用性、主次性及概括性三个原则的前提下,提出了一套地震灾害符号体系构建的理论框架,可为地震灾害符号体系的构建和深入研究提供参考。     

Community structure changes of macrobenthos in the South Yellow Sea

The ecological environment in the Yellow Sea has changed greatly from the 1950s to 1990s and this has had significant impact on marine organisms. In this study, data on soft-sediment macrobenthos occurring in depths from 25 m to 81 m in the South Yellow Sea were used to compare changes in community structure. The agglomerative classification (CLUSTER) and multidimensional scaling (MDS) methods were applied. Five communities were recognized by cluster analysis: 1. The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass community dominated by cold water species, which changed slightly in species composition since the 1950s; 2. The mixed community with the coexistence of cold water species and warm water species, as had been reported previously; 3. The polychaete-dominated eurythermal community in which the composition changed considerably as some dominant species disappeared or decreased; 4. The Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuarine community, with some typical estuarine species; 5. The community affected by the Yellow Sea Warm Current. The greatest change occurred in the coastal area, which indicated that the change may be caused by human activities. Macrobenthos in the central region remained almost unchanged, particularly the cold water species shielded by the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass. The depth, temperature and median grain size of sediments were important factors affecting the distributions of macrobenthos in the South Yellow Sea.     

A GLE-based model for seismic displacement analysis of slopes including strength degradation and geometry rearrangement

Seismic performance of natural slopes, earth structures and solid-waste landfills can be evaluated through displacement-based methods in which permanent displacements induced by earthquake loading are assumed to progressively develop along the critical sliding surface as a result of transient activation of plastic mechanisms within the soil mass. For sliding mechanisms of general shape the earthquake-induced displacements should be computed using a model that provides a closer approximation of sliding surface. When large permanent displacement are induced by seismic actions, due to substantial shear strength reduction, and significant changes in ground surface occur, an improved estimate of permanent displacement can be obtained using a model which accounts for shear strength reduction and mass transfer between adjacent portions of the slope resulting from geometry changes of ground surface during the seismic event.In this paper, a GLE-based model is proposed for seismic displacement analysis of slopes that accounts for shear strength degradation and for geometry rearrangement. Model accuracy is validated against experimental results obtained from shaking table tests carried out on small scale model slopes. Comparison of computed and experimental results demonstrates the capability of the proposed approach in capturing the main features of the observed seismic response of the model slopes.