赞比亚希富玛铜矿床含铜碳酸岩岩石学和地球化学及其成岩成矿意义

新发现的赞比亚希富玛IOCG碳酸岩铜矿床位于泛非造山带卢菲里安弧复向斜带中部南缘,处于NW向深断裂带与NEE-EW向断裂带的交会部位。铜矿体主要赋存于含铜碳酸岩内。含铜碳酸岩主要侵入于新元古界上部孔德龙古群上部火山碎屑岩中,与矿区及其外围的岩浆岩构成含铜碳酸岩的杂岩组合。含铜碳酸岩灰白色块状构造,常见气孔构造和流动构造;含围岩捕掳体、熔融包体和流体包体;半自形细粒不等粒结构为主,镶嵌结构和包含结构很普遍;方解石和白云石双晶发育;矿物成分达40余种,主要非金属矿物为方解石,其次是硬石膏、白云石和萤石等;主要金属矿物为磁铁矿、黄铜矿和黄铁矿,其次有磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、赤铁矿、辉钼矿、斑铜矿等。含铜碳酸岩全岩矿化,矿石构造主要为浸染状构造和斑杂状构造,其次为块状构造及稠密浸染状构造;矿石结构有自形-半自形细粒结构,他形细粒结构,交代熔蚀结构,固溶体分解结构,海绵陨铁结构等。含铜碳酸岩富CaO、FeO和Fe_2O_3,贫MgO,属铁质方解石碳酸岩;REE含量高,ΣREE=57.75×10~(-6)~1076×10~(-6),轻重稀土明显分馏,LREE/HREE=6.3~83.8,强正铕异常,弱负铈异常;富集Ba、Sr、Pb、U、Nb、P和LREE,亏损Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti;Zr/Hf、Y/Ho值和Y含量反映含铜碳酸岩出现了高度演化的熔体-流体过渡的岩浆体系;(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.705315~0.706708,在世界主要碳酸岩范围内;Sr-Nd同位素示踪显示岩浆可能源自EMⅠ;方解石的δ13CV-PDB为-17.8‰~-2.6‰,δ18OV-SMOW值变化于14.5‰~21.9‰;白云石的δ13CV-PDB为-18.8‰,δ18OV-SMOW值为13.5‰,均在世界碳酸岩的范围内;2个磁铁矿样品的δ18OV-SMOW值分别为4.3‰和4.6‰,接近地幔的氧同位素组成范围;金属硫化物的δ34SV-CDT(‰)值变化范围为-4.1~+10.5,在岩浆硫的范围内。此矿床为铁氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)型碳酸岩铜矿床。成岩成矿发生于泛非造山运动后造山伸展阶段拉张应力场构造环境。含铜碳酸岩和成矿物质可能主要源自受到富CO2地幔流体交代形成的EMⅠ富集地幔端元。成岩成矿机制可能是:从地幔源区部分熔融出的初始熔浆随着上侵和演化,液态不混溶出碱性硅酸盐岩浆和碳酸盐+硫酸盐岩浆;铜等成矿元素因亲硫而在碳酸盐+硫酸盐岩浆中富集。此岩浆随着上侵和演化发生液态不混溶作用,形成富集成矿物质和挥发分的含铜碳酸岩浆-热液过渡态流体。随着温度下降,其中碳酸盐矿物、硫酸盐矿物和磁铁矿大量晶出,氧被大量消耗掉,致使氧逸度降低,硫逸度增高,还原硫产生并快速增加,与Cu、Fe、Zn、Co、Mo等金属离子化合形成金属硫化物而成矿。     

滇西北衙金矿床富水岩浆对成矿的制约

成矿岩浆富水(4%)是形成斑岩型矿床的关键。滇西北衙金矿床是金沙江-哀牢山新生代富碱斑岩成矿带中规模最大的金多金属矿床,目前探明金资源储量超过320吨,伴生的铅锌、银、铜、铁、硫也达到大-中型规模。本文以北衙成矿的二长花岗斑岩中角闪石斑晶和锆石为研究对象,开展岩相学和地球化学研究,厘定成矿岩浆的特征,并探讨富水岩浆对成矿的制约。研究表明,北衙二长花岗斑岩角闪石斑晶发育、轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损、具有高Sr(300×10~(-6))、低Y(10×10~(-6))和高(La/Yb)N(6.19~26.8)的地球化学特征,暗示在岩浆结晶早期有角闪石斑晶的晶出。角闪石晶出的条件是岩浆中水含量大于4.5%,因此北衙金矿床成矿岩浆演化早期角闪石的晶出显示成矿岩浆相对富水。角闪石矿物组分计算表明岩浆熔体中水含量在3.8%~4.1%之间,进一步证实北衙金矿床成矿岩浆相对富水。北衙金矿床这种具有高水含量的岩浆在源区岩石部分熔融的过程中,水的加入可以降低其熔点,促进源区含Cu、Au硫化物重熔,或萃取岩石中Cu、Au成矿元素,或聚集岩浆中分散分布的金属元素,形成富金属、富水的岩浆。含矿岩浆就位后,其通过压力的降低(岩浆房脆性破裂或岩浆向上侵位)来降低水的溶解度,或通过岩浆持续的结晶(在等压条件下晶出无水矿物)逐渐提高岩浆水含量,促使熔体中水含量大于水在熔体中溶解度,从而导致岩浆水达到饱和状态,流体开始出溶。总体而言,北衙金矿床富水岩浆不仅能促进北衙矿床成矿流体的形成与演化,也对成矿流体中Cu、Au等成矿元素的富集具有重要的作用。     

黑龙江三道湾子金矿区龙江组安山岩的年代学与地球化学

三道湾子金矿是我国东北地区重要的浅成低温热液金矿之一,金矿赋存在龙江组安山岩和安山质火山角砾岩中。本文对三道湾子金矿赋矿围岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素、岩石元素和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得龙江组安山岩加权平均年龄为121.4±1.8Ma,表明其喷出时代为早白垩世。在地球化学组成上,龙江组火山岩具有明显的轻重稀土分馏和弱Eu负异常,微量元素富集Rb、Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE),岩石与岛弧安山岩地球化学特征相似。龙江组安山岩具有低的Sr初始比值[(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.704798~0.704919]和正的εNd(t)(0.7~1.8),说明岩浆源区具有弱亏损地幔的特征。三道湾子金矿区的龙江组安山岩可能形成于早白垩世岩石圈大规模伸展减薄的动力学背景下,由于伊泽奈崎板块运动方向的改变致使整个东北地区处于伸展构造背景中,软流圈上涌的同时下地壳与岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融,导致整个东北地区广泛发育晚中生代岩浆作用,构成了三道湾子金矿的赋矿围岩。     

叶蜡石化蚀变过程中的元素活动性与流体性质:以山西五台地区白云叶蜡石矿为例

热液蚀变过程中的元素活动性与流体性质对深入理解矿物稳定性和成矿作用具有重要的意义。本文以华北克拉通中北部山西五台地区的白云叶蜡石矿为例,研究了蚀变过程中元素迁移特征和流体性质。该矿体围岩以绿片岩相酸性火山岩为主,岩性为绢云钠长石英片岩并夹有少量的绿泥钠长片岩。矿区内蚀变分带明显,可分为早期的黄铁绢英岩化(绢云母-石英-黄铁矿)和晚期叠加的叶蜡石化(叶蜡石-伊利石-高岭石-石英),而金矿化则主要发育于黄铁绢英岩化带内。Log fo2-pH相图模拟结果显示,早期黄铁绢云岩化蚀变热液具有弱酸性至偏中性(pH=5.24~5.87)和较低氧逸度(位于黄铁矿+黄铜矿稳定相区内)特征;而引起叶蜡石化蚀变的热液具有强酸性(pH=2.07~2.20)和高氧逸度(位于HM缓冲线以上)特征。质量平衡迁移分析结果显示,随着叶蜡石化蚀变作用的增强,叶蜡石矿石中的Al2O3行为较稳定,SiO2、Na2O和K2O含量相对于围岩绢云钠长石英片岩呈不同程度的迁入,而其余氧化物大量活化迁出。微量元素Nb、Ta、Th、U、Rb和Ga含量相对升高,Th/U比值略有升高;Sr、Ba、Zr、Hf明显亏损,Zr/Hf比值从34~41下降到17~22。稀土元素均发生一定程度的活化迁移,且轻稀土迁出程度更高。Y/Ho比值(28~32)高于球粒陨石的Y/Ho(26~28),表明Y-Ho在叶蜡石化蚀变过程中表现出不同的地球化学行为。Eu负异常明显增大,这可能与长石的分解关系密切。围岩绢云钠长石英片岩中金属元素含量较高且Au与As含量之间呈明显正相关性,但在叶蜡石矿石中大部分金属元素含量均低于检出限,说明金属元素在叶蜡石化蚀变作用过程中发生了强烈的活化迁移,这与岩相学上叶蜡石矿石中可见港湾状细粒赤铁矿而缺乏黄铁矿的特征吻合。本文研究结果表明叶蜡石化过程中,大量的所谓不活动元素(如P、Ti、Zr、Hf、Y和Ho等)发生了显著迁移并导致Zr/Hf和Y/Ho比值的解耦,并伴随着大量金属元素的迁出,说明叶蜡石化不利于金矿化的形成。     

Geochemical characteristics of modern river sediments in Myanmar and Thailand: Implications for provenance and weathering

The elemental composition of organic matter and the major and trace element compositions of stream sediments from Myanmar (Ayeyarwady and Sittaung rivers) and Thailand (Mekong and Chao Phraya rivers, and their tributaries) were determined to examine their distributions, provenance, and chemical weathering processes. Higher total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the finer grained sediments indicate hydrodynamic energy may control their distributions. TOC/TN ratios indicate inputs of both aquatic macrophyte and higher vascular plant material to the river sediments. The major element abundances of the sediments are characterized by predominance of SiO₂ in coarser fractions and a marked negative correlation with Al₂O₃, representing primary grain size primarily control on SiO₂ content. Marked depletion of most labile elements (Na₂O, CaO, K₂O, Ba and Sr) relative to UCC (upper continental crust), indicate destruction of feldspar during chemical weathering in the source area or during transport. However, enrichment of some high field strength elements (Zr, Th, Ce and Y) relative to UCC and higher Zr/Sc ratios indicate moderate concentration of resistant heavy minerals in finer-grained samples. Discriminant diagrams and immobile trace element characteristics indicate that the Mekong, and Chao Phraya river sediments were largely derived from felsic sources with compositions close to typical rhyolite, dacite/granodiorite, UCC, I- and S-type granites. Relative enrichment of ferromagnesian elements (e.g. MgO, Cr, Ni) and high Cr/V and low Y/Ni ratios in Ayeyarwady and Sittaung sediments indicate the presence of a mafic or ultramafic component in their sources. The ICV (Index of Compositional Variability), CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration), PIA (Plagioclase Index of Alteration), α^Al, Rb/Sr and K₂O/Rb ratios indicate that the Ayeyarwady and Sittaung sediments record low to moderate degrees of chemical weathering in their source, compared to moderate to intense chemical weathering in the Mekong and Chao Phraya river basins. These results are compatible with existing major ion data for river waters collected at the same locations.     

Triassic magmatism in the eastern part of the South China Block: Geochronological and petrogenetic constraints from Indosinian granites

The granitic dykes in the Badu Group,Zhejiang Province,South China provide important insights on tectonic setting and crustal evolution of the South China Block(SCB) and the Indochina Block during Triassic.Here we report LA-ICP-MS U-Pb data of granitic rocks from the Hucun and Kengkou which show early Triassic ages of 242 ± 2 and 232 ± 3 Ma,respectively,representing their timing of emplacement.The dyke rocks are enriched in K,Al,LREE,Rb,Th.U,and Pb.and are depleted in Nb,Ta,Sr,and Ti.The rocks are characterized by highly fractionated REE patterns with(La/Yb)N ratios of 28.46-38.07 with strong negative Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu* = 0.65-0.73).In situ Hf isotopic analyses of zircons from the Hucun granite yielded ε_(Hf)(t) values of-13.9 to-6.4 and two-stage depleted mantle Hf model ages of 1.68-2.15 Ga,which indicate that the magma was formed by partial melting of the Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary protoliths in the Cathaysia Block.The zircons from the Kengkou granite have ε_(Hf)(t) values ranging from 40.7 to 31.5 and yield two-stage depleted mantle Hf model ages of 0.99-2.49 Ga,indicating magma origin from a mixed source.The Hucun and Kengkou dykes,together with the Triassic A-type granites in SE China were probably generated during magmatism associated with crust-mantle decoupling along the convergent plate boundary between SCB and the Indochina Block.     

Provenance and tectonic setting of the Jurassic Huayacocotla Formation and Alamitos Sandstone,Central Mexico

We present a modified model for the paleogeographic evolution of Mexico during Early and Late Jurassic time that is constrained by the tectonic setting and the weathering conditions of the Early Jurassic Huayacocotla Formation and Late Jurassic Alamitos Sandstone basins in state San Luis Potosí in central Mexico. Framework petrography constrains feldspato-quartzose sandstone (mean of Q₆₈F₂₂L₁₀) and litho-quartzose (mean of Q₇₅F₆L₁₉) sandstone compositions for the two units, respectively. The abundant lithic fragments are totally dominated by volcanic fragments. Quartz cathodoluminescence colours and textures from the Alamitos Sandstone supports a large input of volcanic material, but also indicates the presence of metamorphic quartz. Similarly, the geochemical composition is more mafic for the Huayacocotla Formation (Th/Sc: ˜0.6 and Cr/Th: ˜10) than for the Alamitos Sandstone (Th/Sc: ˜1.1 and Cr/Th: ˜48). Also the weathering conditions were less intense during the Early (CIA: ˜60, PIA: ˜61) than the Late Jurassic (CIA ˜85, PIA ˜97). Well preserved lithic fragments and feldspar grains, particularly in the Huayacocotla Formation, indicate that weathering indeed was minor for this unit. We interpret the difference between the two units as a combined result of climate change and tectonic setting. During the Early Jurassic, transport of volcanic detritus probably dominated from the active Nazas arc in the west. Later, additional sources from the metamorphic basement of Mexico were included. During Late Jurassic time strike-slip faulting related to the opening of the Gulf of Mexico may have re-directed the sediment-transport systems. Finally, the degree of weathering was affected by drastic climatic change from arid to humid tropical conditions during the Middle to Upper Jurassic, possibly related to the first incursions of Gulf of Mexico marine environments linked to the rotation of the Yucatan block.     

Detrital record of the denudation of volcanic islands under sub-tropical climate (Cape Verde)

This research is focused on the composition of the sediments produced in volcanic islands when the climate does not favour weathering. The XRD mineralogy (bulk sample and fraction finer than 63 μm), petrography and geochemistry of a set of bedload stream and beach samples collected in the “old” Maio and the “young” Fogo islands of Cape Verde archipelago are used to investigate the compositional transformations promoted by exogenous processes during island denudation. The main factor responsible for the variability in sediment composition is the incorporation of biogenic material derived from the evolving shelves; it largely exceeds the effects of the exhumation of different volcanic and basement units. Given the arid climate (and steep land surface in Fogo), only the most labile components of basaltic rocks, such as volcanic glass, are decomposed. The incipient weathering and sorting processes are responsible for the depletion of Al in bedload deposits. The same happens with other elements usually regarded as non-mobile (namely, Nb, Th, REE, etc.), while Mg is concentrated. Thus, weathering indices grounded on the premise that “mobile” elements are lost and “non-mobile” elements are enriched via weathering are useless in Cape Verde bedload sediments. With time, weathering is able to promote Na leaching and the formation of secondary minerals, which tend to retain non-mobile elements released in the earlier stages of alteration (e.g., LREE, Th, Y, Nb, Ta etc.). Sorting processes are responsible for the selective removal of less-dense grains, explaining local differences between beach and stream deposits. Beach placers are enriched in augitic clinopyroxene (occasionally also in olivine in the Fogo island), and Sc, Cr and Co. Niobium and Ta must be hosted in fine-grained particles that are easily windblown and their abundances in dusts may reveal Cape Verde as a source of airborne material crossing the Atlantic Ocean.     

青海东昆仑拉浪麦钨多金属矿区英云闪长岩锆石U-Pb测年、岩石地球化学及找矿意义

拉浪麦钨多金属矿位于青海东昆仑东段察汗乌苏河地区,是近年新发现的矽卡岩型矿床。本文对矿区与成矿关系密切的英云闪长岩进行了详细的岩相学、年代学和地球化学研究,为东昆仑原特提斯岩浆构造演化提供新的约束。笔者利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得拉浪麦英云闪长岩加权平均年龄为421.5±5.0 Ma(n=21,MSWD=0.34),厘定其形成时代为顶志留世。岩石地球化学研究表明,英云闪长岩为弱过铝质低钾拉斑—钙碱性系列岩石,成因为Ⅰ型花岗岩类型。岩石明显富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Sr、K)、活泼的不相容元素(如U、Th)和Pb,相对亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、P、Ti)。Rb/Sr、Nb/Ta特征反映出岩石具壳幔混合岩浆的特点。结合东昆仑地区已有年代学资料和区域地质构造演化特征,认为拉浪麦英云闪长岩形成于原特提斯构造旋回的后碰撞阶段。综合分析认为加里东晚期也是东昆仑地区一个重要的多金属成矿期,在今后的找矿工作中应引起足够的重视。     

西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带主碰撞期成矿作用:荣嘎钼矿岩石地球化学及同位素年龄的证据

荣嘎钼矿是新近在班公湖-怒江成矿带发现并证实的首例斑岩型钼矿床。为了查明班公湖-怒江成矿带主碰撞期的成岩成矿作用,探讨荣嘎钼矿的富Mo机制,对该矿床进行岩石地球化学以及同位素年代学的研究。本次研究获得荣嘎含矿二长花岗斑岩的锆石SHRIMP206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为99. 8±1. 9Ma (MSWD=2. 0),属晚白垩世早期。7件辉钼矿样品的模式年龄较为一致,介于98. 0±1. 6Ma～101. 8±1. 7Ma之间,加权平均年龄为99. 7±1. 1Ma。荣嘎含矿二长花岗斑岩样品主量元素表现为富硅(SiO_2=72. 83%～75. 49%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=8. 12%～8. 55%)、过铝质(A/CNK=1. 08～1. 13)的高钾钙碱性系列岩石。样品明显富集Rb、K、Th、U等元素,中等亏损Nb、Ta,强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti等元素,具中等程度的负Eu异常(δEu=0. 53～0. 63),稀土元素配分曲线呈轻稀土相对较陡,重稀土较为平坦的右倾型。荣嘎含矿二长花岗斑岩样品的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i值为0. 7042～0. 7055,ε_(Nd)(t)值介于0. 03～0. 68之间,锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值介于+12. 4～+17. 9之间,两阶段模式年龄t_(DM2)较为年轻(31～314Ma)。基于以上同位素以及岩石地球化学特征研究,荣嘎含矿二长花岗斑岩很可能是幔源岩浆诱发了富Mo洋底沉积物的熔融并与壳源熔体混合形成母岩浆,再经历结晶分异作用而形成。结合本文以及区域上的研究资料,荣嘎钼矿可能形成于拉萨地块与南羌塘地块碰撞的大地构造背景,富Mo大洋沉积物熔体的加入及随后的结晶分异是荣嘎含矿岩浆中金属Mo富集的主要原因。班公湖-怒江成矿带南缘侏罗-白垩纪海相地层分布的地区,可能为勘查钼矿床的有利靶区,应重点评价晚白垩世早期高分异中酸性岩体的含矿性。