Accumulation by securitization: Commercial poaching,neoliberal conservation,and the creation of new wildlife frontiers

Part of a broader interest in the escalating securitization of conservation practice, scholars are beginning to take note of an emerging relationship between conservation–securitization, capital accumulation, and dispossession. We develop the concept of accumulation by securitization to better grasp this trend, positioning it in the critical literatures on neoliberal conservation, green grabbing, and conservation-security. The concept captures the ways in which capital accumulation, often tied to land and resource enclosure, is enabled by practices and logics of security. Security logics, moreover, increasingly provoke the dispossession of vulnerable communities, thereby enabling accumulation. We ground the concept by turning to the Greater Lebombo Conservancy (GLC) in the Mozambican borderlands. This is a new privately-held conservancy built as a securitized buffer zone to obstruct the movement of commercial rhino poachers into South Africa’s adjacent Kruger National Park. We show how wildlife tourism-related accumulation here is enabled by, and in some ways contingent upon, the GLC’s success in curbing poaching incursions, and, relatedly, how security concerns become the grounds upon which resident communities are displaced. In terms of the latter, we suggest security provides a troubling, depoliticized alibi for dispossession. Like broader neoliberal conservation and green grabbing, we illustrate how accumulation by securitization plays out within complex new networks of state and private actors. Yet these significantly expand to include including security actors and others motivated by security concerns.     

Geochemical and isotopic characterization of trace fossil infillings: New insights on tracemaker activity after the K/Pg impact event

Geochemical and isotopic analyses of the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary deposits were conducted at the Caravaca section (External Subbetic, southeast of Spain) in order to evaluate the recovery of the macrobenthic tracemaker community and the bioturbational disturbance. Samples from the infilling material of several lower Danian dark-colored trace fossils (Chondrites, Planolites, Thalassinoides and Zoophycos) located in the uppermost 8-cm of the light upper Maastrichtian strata, as well as samples from the host sedimentary rock of these trace fossils, were analyzed and compared with data from the lower Danian deposits. The values of element ratios indicative of extraterrestrial contamination (Cr/Al, Co/Al and Ni/Al) are higher in the infilling trace fossil material than in the upper Maastrichtian and lower Danian deposits, which suggests a contribution of the ejecta layer. Regarding the isotope composition, the δ¹³C values are lower in the infilling material than in the Maastrichtian host sedimentary rocks surrounding the traces, while the δ¹⁸O are higher in the infilling material. The geochemical and isotopic compositions of the infilling material evidence the unconsolidated character of the sediment, including the red boundary layer. Softground conditions confirm a relatively rapid recovery by the macrobenthic tracemaker community, starting a few millimeters above the K/Pg boundary layer. The mixture of the infilling material of the trace fossils moreover reveals a significant macrobenthic tracemaker activity affecting K–Pg boundary transition sediments that may have significantly altered original signatures.     

内蒙古老国营子金铜矿床地质-地球物理勘查与研究

内蒙古老国营子金铜矿床是近年来利用地质与地球物理相互结合手段新发现的一个矿床。本次研究利用基于电磁原理的地球物理手段进行了找矿测试,结果表明:甚低频(VLF)地球物理扫面发现了近EW向和NW向的高阻带,分别对应了两条相应的矿化蚀变带。音频大地电磁法(EH4)测深影像显示矿化蚀变带表现为高阻异常带,与VLF的测量结果相一致。激电(IP)中梯测量显示矿化蚀变带具有高阻、高充电率和高金属因子异常特征。结合具体的地质特征,在老国营子金铜矿区综合运用这三种地球物理方法,取得了较好的找矿效果。     

四极法电阻率测量在石油管道防腐蚀中的应用

土壤电阻率是地下石油管道一个重要的腐蚀性指标,因为管道的腐蚀程度和土壤电阻率的大小密切相关。本文介绍了四极法电阻率测量的原理和实施过程,并应用于某石油管道周围土壤的勘测,对测试数据做了处理和分析,为输油管道施工设计的防腐蚀提供了科学依据。     

激发极化法在辽宁本溪某矽卡岩型铜多金属矿勘查中的应用

测区燕山期大面积中酸性岩浆侵入寒武系、奥陶系碳酸盐岩,在岩体外接触带上形成大量的矽卡岩,并伴有较强烈的铜多金属矿化。本次物探工作在1∶5万区调工作基础上,采用激电中梯与激电测深两种方法进行金属矿产勘查,圈定激电异常12个,反演了穿过JD3、JD7、JD8高极化异常体的形态,规模及埋深,并解译隐伏断裂2条。结合区内地质特征与钻孔资料,认为异常区的低阻高极化体是岩体外接触带上矽卡岩化蚀变带的反映,断裂为矿液运移、容矿提供了有利条件。该研究成果表明,激发极化法是寻找矽卡岩型铜多金属矿的有效方法。     

A modeling study of effective radiative forcing and climate response due to tropospheric ozone

This study simulates the effective radiative forcing(ERF) of tropospheric ozone from 1850 to 2013 and its effects on global climate using an aerosol–climate coupled model, BCC AGCM2.0.1 CUACE/Aero, in combination with OMI(Ozone Monitoring Instrument) satellite ozone data. According to the OMI observations, the global annual mean tropospheric column ozone(TCO) was 33.9 DU in 2013, and the largest TCO was distributed in the belts between 30°N and 45°N and at approximately 30°S; the annual mean TCO was higher in the Northern Hemisphere than that in the Southern Hemisphere;and in boreal summer and autumn, the global mean TCO was higher than in winter and spring. The simulated ERF due to the change in tropospheric ozone concentration from 1850 to 2013 was 0.46 W m~(-2), thereby causing an increase in the global annual mean surface temperature by 0.36℃, and precipitation by 0.02 mm d~(-1)(the increase of surface temperature had a significance level above 95%). The surface temperature was increased more obviously over the high latitudes in both hemispheres, with the maximum exceeding 1.4?C in Siberia. There were opposite changes in precipitation near the equator,with an increase of 0.5 mm d~(-1)near the Hawaiian Islands and a decrease of about-0.6 mm d~(-1)near the middle of the Indian Ocean.     

The Upstream “Strong Signals” of the Water Vapor Transport over the Tibetan Plateau during a Heavy Rainfall Event in the Yangtze River Basin

A heavy rainfall event that occurred over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin(YRB) during July11–13 2000 is explored in this study. The potential/stream function is used to analyze the upstream "strong signals" of the water vapor transport in the Tibetan Plateau(TP). The studied time period covers from 2000 LST 5 July to 2000 LST 15 July(temporal resolution: 6 hours). By analyzing the three-dimensional structure of the water vapor flux, vorticity and divergence prior to and during the heavy rainfall event, the upstream "strong signals" related to this heavy rainfall event are revealed. A strong correlation exists between the heavy rainfall event in the YRB and the convective clouds over the TP. The "convergence zone" of the water vapor transport is also identified, based on correlation analysis of the water vapor flux two days and one day prior to, and on the day of, the heavy rainfall. And this "convergence zone" coincides with the migration of the maximum rainfall over the YRB. This specific coupled structure actually plays a key role in generating heavy rainfall over the YRB. The eastward movement of the coupled system with a divergence/convergence center of the potential function at the upper/lower level resembles the spatiotemporal evolution of the heavy rainfall event over the YRB. These upstream "strong signals" are clearly traced in this study through analyzing the three-dimensional structure of the potential/stream function of upstream water vapor transport.     

Possible sources of forecast errors generated by the global/regional assimilation and prediction system for landfalling tropical cyclones. Part I: Initial uncertainties

This paper investigates the possible sources of errors associated with tropical cyclone (TC) tracks forecasted using the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES). The GRAPES forecasts were made for 16 landfalling TCs in the western North Pacific basin during the 2008 and 2009 seasons, with a forecast length of 72 hours, and using the default initial conditions (“initials”, hereafter), which are from the NCEP-FNL dataset, as well as ECMWF initials. The forecasts are compared with ECMWF forecasts. The results show that in most TCs, the GRAPES forecasts are improved when using the ECMWF initials compared with the default initials. Compared with the ECMWF initials, the default initials produce lower intensity TCs and a lower intensity subtropical high, but a higher intensity South Asia high and monsoon trough, as well as a higher temperature but lower specific humidity at the TC center. Replacement of the geopotential height and wind fields with the ECMWF initials in and around the TC center at the initial time was found to be the most efficient way to improve the forecasts. In addition, TCs that showed the greatest improvement in forecast accuracy usually had the largest initial uncertainties in TC intensity and were usually in the intensifying phase. The results demonstrate the importance of the initial intensity for TC track forecasts made using GRAPES, and indicate the model is better in describing the intensifying phase than the decaying phase of TCs. Finally, the limit of the improvement indicates that the model error associated with GRAPES forecasts may be the main cause of poor forecasts of landfalling TCs. Thus, further examinations of the model errors are required.     

基于FY3A/MERSI资料分析广东省气溶胶光学厚度分布

利用国产极轨气象卫星FY3A的MERSI AOD产品分析2010—2013年广东省气溶胶光学厚度的分布规律。结果表明:MERSI AOD产品与地面太阳光度计实测数据的相关系数为0.72,其平均绝对值误差为0.12,均方根误差为0.15,数据精度可满足研究需要;从AOD的空间分布看,珠三角西翼东翼山区五市,其中佛山市、东莞市、中山市为广东省AOD均值最高的地区,梅州市、河源市为广东省AOD均值最低的地区;从AOD的时间分布看,2010—2013年间,AOD呈现先升高后降低的趋势,2011年为拐点,与此同时,AOD还表现出明显的季节变化特征,春季为AOD高值期,夏季、秋季次之,冬季最低。     

CINRAD/SA(B)发射机高压打火组件级故障诊断

新一代天气雷达技术保障中,发射机高压负载打火导致的综合故障的诊断和定位是比较复杂的,具有故障点多、故障涉及组件多、故障修复时间长等特点,是新一代天气雷达故障维修的难点。依据发射机高压控制和监控信号流程,提出了发射机高压打火组件级故障诊断流程。通过发射机组件级故障诊断流程快速修复发射机高压负载打火综合故障过程,表明发射机高压打火组件级故障诊断流程在雷达维修中具有规范化和适用性维修效果,进一步显示出故障分析诊断流程在新一代天气雷达技术保障中的重要作用。