Littering dynamics in a coastal industrial setting: The influence of non-resident populations

We examined if there is truth to the preconceptions that non-resident workers (including FIFO/DIDO’s) detract from communities. We used marine debris to test this, specifically focussing on littering behaviour and evidence of awareness of local environmental programs that focus on marine debris. Littering was most common at recreational areas, then beaches and whilst boating. Twenty-five percent of respondents that admit to littering, reported no associated guilt with their actions. Younger respondents litter more frequently. Thus, non-resident workers litter at the same rate as permanent residents, visitors and tourists in this region, within this study. Few respondents are aware of the environmental programs that operate in their local region. Awareness was influenced by a respondent’s residency (non-residents are less aware), age, and level of education. To address this failure we recommend that industries, that use non-resident workers, should develop inductions that expose new workers to the environmental programs in their region.     

Undrained behaviour of two silica sands and practical implications for modelling SSI in liquefiable soils

The aim of the present study is twofold. Firstly, the paper investigates the undrained cyclic and post-cyclic behaviour of two silica sands by means of multi-stage cyclic triaxial tests. Secondly, based on the post-cyclic response observed in the element test, the authors formulate a simplified stress–strain relationship that can be conveniently used for the construction of p–y curves for liquefiable soils. The multi-stage loading condition consists of an initial cyclic loading applied to cause liquefaction, followed by undrained monotonic loading that aimed to investigate the post-cyclic response of the liquefied sample. It was found that due to the tendency of the liquefied soil to dilate upon undrained shearing, the post-liquefaction strain–stress response was characterised by a distinct strain–hardening behaviour. The latter is idealized by means of a bi-linear stress–strain model, which can be conveniently formulated in terms of three parameters, i.e.: (i) take-off shear strain, γ_to, i.e. shear strain required to mobilize 1 kPa of shear strength; (b) initial secant shear modulus, G₁, defined as 1/γ_to; (c) post-liquefied shear modulus at large strain, G₂ (γ⪢γ_to). Based on the experimental results, it is concluded that these parameters are strongly influenced by the initial relative density of the sample, whereby γ_to decreases with increasing relative density. Differently both shear moduli (G₁ and G₂) increases with increasing relative density. Lastly, the construction of new p–y curves for liquefiable soils based on the idealized bi-linear model is described.     

基于余弦调制Chebyshev窗的弹性波高精度正演

有限差分时间域正演是弹性波逆时偏移和全波形反演的基础,正演的计算精度也控制着偏移结果的准确性,若精度不高,则在偏移、反演后会带来假象.为了有效提高正演精度,本文结合窗函数优化方法,在窗函数截断伪谱法空间褶积序列以逼近有限差分算子的基础上,提出了一种基于Chebyshev窗的余弦调制模型,在原始Chebyshev窗的基础上引入了调制次数和调制范围,通过调节这两个参数可以人工可视化的调节截断误差,新的窗函数继承了Chebyshev窗的特点,在不明显降低截断谱范围的基础上明显降低了截断误差.本文针对不同正演阶数N,给出了一组经验调制系数,并通过数值模拟方法,对比了新方法、改进二项式窗和基于最小二乘优化方法的正演效果.结果表明,基于余弦调制的Chebyshev窗控制数值频散的能力更强,在大网格下可以得到更精确的正演结果.从经济角度分析,该方法减小了计算花费,提高了计算效率.     

数字岩石物理中弹性参数的有限差分计算方法

数字岩石物理利用三维成像技术和数学方法,建立数字岩心,开展多场物理响应模拟,计算岩石的等效弹性参数,为岩石物理学研究开拓了新的领域.本文发展了一种基于高阶有限差分的岩石模量数值计算的新方法,该方法便于理解,容易实现,占用内存相对较少,计算效率高,结果合理,弥补了常规岩石物理实验周期长,成本高,误差大等不足.该方法将三维数字岩心样本嵌入一个具有与岩心样本骨架颗粒相同弹性性质的区域中扩充成一个新模型,测量由数字岩石样本非均匀结构带来的纵波或横波峰值振幅的时间差,利用该时间差(相对参考模型)估算纵横波的等效速度,进而求取等效弹性模量.理论模型和实际岩心的计算结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验结果有较高的吻合度,验证了该方法的合理性.     

Anisotropic elastic full‐waveform inversion of walkaway vertical seismic profiling data from the Arabian Gulf

Borehole seismic addresses the need for high‐resolution images and elastic parameters of the subsurface. Full‐waveform inversion of vertical seismic profile data is a promising technology with the potential to recover quantitative information about elastic properties of the medium. Full‐waveform inversion has the capability to process the entire wavefield and to address the wave propagation effects contained in the borehole data—multi‐component measurements; anisotropic effects; compressional and shear waves; and transmitted, converted, and reflected waves and multiples. Full‐waveform inversion, therefore, has the potential to provide a more accurate result compared with conventional processing methods. We present a feasibility study with results of the application of high‐frequency (up to 60 Hz) anisotropic elastic full‐waveform inversion to a walkaway vertical seismic profile data from the Arabian Gulf. Full‐waveform inversion has reproduced the majority of the wave events and recovered a geologically plausible layered model with physically meaningful values of the medium.     

弹性波在含双裂纹岩体中的传播分析

岩石和岩体是具有复杂细微观结构的非均匀介质.弹性波在岩体中传播时,与岩体细微观缺陷相互作用表现出弹性波的频散效应.为研究岩体内部细观结构对弹性波频散效应的作用,本文采用双裂纹模型:在模型内部,考虑裂纹间的相互作用对弹性波的影响,以分析弹性波在双裂纹体系间的多次散射作用;在双裂纹体系间,采用线性叠加分析法,以考虑岩体缺陷影响的局部化.对波动方程应用Green函数基本解,利用边界积分方法,将双裂纹体系作为内边界处理,得到相应的频散方程,由此对比分析了双裂纹体系在上述两种分析方法下的区别,进一步探讨了双裂纹体系参数、孔隙流体压力和卸荷对岩体频散特性的影响.     

TTI介质有限差分逆时偏移的稳定性探讨

在沉积学中,可假设在相同时期的沉积层具有相近的物理性质和演化过程.因此,沿层传播的地震波和垂直于地层传播的地震波具有各向异性的特点.在纵波资料的处理中,考虑各向异性对逆时偏移的影响,通常假设介质的横波速度为零,这样可以得到纵波在TTI介质中的传播方程,但是该方程在实际计算中仍存在数值稳定性问题.本文加入横波分量可有效解决数值稳定性问题,并选取适当的横波速度减小对纵波成像的影响,实现地震波在TTI介质中的逆时偏移.实际测算表明,P-SV波的方程中包含横波分量,若假设SV的速度为零,则会导致方程的差分格式不稳定;若加入SV波,选择合适的SV波速度可以使SV波的全区各向异性和反射系数达到极小,并可有效的抑制SV波对纵波勘探的影响.本文的方法是一种稳定的TTI介质中的逆时偏移方法.     

球面波的反射P波AVO分析

本文对球面波反射P波反射系数计算公式进行了推导,根据推导公式计算出第I类AVO和第Ⅲ类AVO介质中反射系数及相位随入射角的变化,并与基于平面波的Zoeppritz方程计算的结果进行对比.结果显示,对于第I类AVO介质,球面波反射系数在临界角附近较基于平面波的Zoeppritz方程计算结果更精确;同时受界面深度的影响较大,随深度的增加,球面波AVO趋势接近平面波AVO.最后,通过数值模拟技术,对模型数据和实际数据进行模拟,对平面波AVO道集和球面波AVO道集进行了验证分析.浅层的第I类AVO现象,在近临界角和超临界角处折射引起反射系数与相位的变化较大,对于第Ⅲ类AVO现象,由于不存在临界角问题,球面波模拟结果与基于平面波的Zoeppritz计算结果差别较小.上述计算分析,可为实际资料的大偏移距道集的AVO分析提供理论基础.     

岩石塑性变形条件下的Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则

传统的Mohr-Coulomb强度准则仅描述了峰值强度状态下正应力和剪应力之间的关系,作为岩石破坏的判据.本文拓展概念,提出Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则表述岩石发生塑性变形后不同应力状态下屈服面的应力应变关系.在总结实验研究的基础上建立了使用三轴压缩试验数据确定塑性参数c和φ随内变量κ变化的实验技术方法,给出了评价各向同性模型精度的参量表达以及某些测试结果.采用具有各向同性强(软)化规律的Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,利用岩石的初始屈服、峰值屈服和残余屈服三组参数可以将全过程应力应变曲线简化表征为四直线模型,它比三线性模型有更广泛的适用性.本文的结果为工程地质数值模拟提供了理论和实验基础,具有指导意义.     

Out‐of‐plane seismic behaviour of rocking masonry walls

The evaluation of the out‐of‐plane behaviour of unreinforced walls is one of the most debated topics in the seismic assessment of existing masonry buildings. The discontinuous nature of masonry and its interaction with the remainder of the building make the dynamic modelling of out‐of‐plane response troublesome. In this paper, the results of a shaking table laboratory campaign on a tuff masonry, natural scale, U‐shaped assemblage (façade adjacent to transverse walls) are presented. The tests, excited by scaled natural accelerograms, replicate the behaviour of external walls in existing masonry buildings, from the beginning of rocking motion to overturning. Two approaches have been developed for modelling the out‐of‐plane seismic behaviour: the discrete element method and an SDOF analytic model. Both approaches are shown to be capable of reproducing the experimental behaviour in terms of maximum rotation and time history dynamic response. Finally, test results and numerical time history simulations have been compared with the Italian seismic code assessment procedures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.