Spacing behaviour between two desert rodents, the golden spiny mouseAcomys russatusand the bushy-tailed gerbilSekeetamys calurus

Nest and feeding behaviour patterns were compared between two sympatric species, the bushy-tailed gerbilSekeetamys calurusand the golden spiny mouseAcomys russatus, in order to assess nest site and food as possible resources of competition. The way the species interact under laboratory conditions was also compared. WhileS. calurusused a nest into which they removed bedding material, only two out of sixA. russatusdid so, while in at least half of the studied cases they were found roosting outside of the nest inside the enclosure. When introduced into the same enclosure,S. caluruswas the dominant species and in five out of 12 casesS. calurusinhabited the nest abandoned byA. russatus, and in seven casesA. russatuswas found resting in the enclosure. UnlikeA. russatus,S. calurusaccumulated food inside its nest and also protected the food resource in the enclosure againstA. russatus. It seems that different nest and feeding behavioural patterns can reduce competition between these two sympatric species.     

控制土壤硒化学行为因素的探讨

用Jackson系统分离土壤磷的程序,研究了我国土壤中结合态硒的含量及其控制因素。结果表明,在酸性环境中,Fe、Al、Mn的氧化物或矿物是控制土壤硒化学行为的主要因子,Ca、Mg、K的作用不大。在碱性环境中,Ca、Mg、K的化合物或矿物是制约土壤非闭蓄性硒均主要因子,而控制闭蓄性硒的则是Fe、Al、Ma的氧化物或矿物。P、Si不仅以络阴离子的形式参与土壤硒的固定和影响植物对硒的利用,而且以化台物或矿物的肜式影响硒在土壤中的循环。在所研究的土壤中,未发现Cr、V、Sr、Ba、Co、Cu、Ni.Ti,Cd、Pb等与结合态硒含量在统计学上相关。     

On design and implementation of an object-relational spatial database for activity/travel behaviour research

The development of micro level models of urban processes has partially been facilitated by increased availability of detailed activity/travel survey data. Managing and exploring these data can be resource intensive and time consuming. Researchers and municipal planning organizations increasingly face information management challenges. This paper reviews an experiment in design and implementation of an object-relational geographic database using the principles of object-orientation. A data model is specified using the Unified Modeling Language notation and a visual modeling tool, and then implemented as an object-relational spatial database. The resulting database acts as an information foundation capable of supporting empirical research and application development. The experience suggests that a formal approach to information management can enhance our understanding of complex activity/travel data contributing to informed application of these data to transportation research questions.The authors would like to thank Metro for the provision of data and supporting documentation. They are also thankful to three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. The second author, holder of the Canada Research Chair in Spatial Analysis, is grateful for the support of the SSHRC Canada Research Chairs program.     

Three-dimensional quantitative analysis on granular particle shape using convolutional neural network

To identify all desired shape parameters of granular particles with less computational cost, this study proposes a three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) based model. Datasets are made of 100 ballast and 100 Fujian sand particles, and the shape parameters (i.e., aspect ratio, roundness, sphericity, and convexity) obtained by conventional methods are used to label all particles. For the model training, by feeding the slice images of particles into the model, the contour of particles is automatically extracted, thereby the shape parameters can be learned by the model. Thereafter, the model is applied to predict shape parameters of new particles as model testing. All results indicate the model trained based on slice images cut from three orthogonal planes presents the highest prediction accuracy with an error of less than 10%. Meanwhile, the accuracy for concave and angular particles can be guaranteed. The rotation-equivariant of the model is confirmed, in which the predicted values of shape parameters are roughly independent of orientations of the particle when cutting slice images. Superior to conventional methods, all desirable shape parameters can be obtained by one unified 3D-CNN model and its prediction is independent of particle complexity and the number of triangular facets, thus saving computation cost.     

干湿-冻融循环下延吉膨胀岩的力学特性及其应力-应变归一化

为了研究干湿、冻融和干湿-冻融循环作用对延吉膨胀岩的应力-应变关系、体变特性、抗剪强度的影响,开展了一系列的固结排水剪切试验。结果表明：未循环试样的应力-应变关系曲线表现为稳定型或弱应变软化型,3种环境作用后试样应力-应变关系曲线呈现出一定的应变软化特性,剪胀明显,而且围压越小、循环次数越高的试样软化和剪胀的程度越高;随着循环次数的增加,3种环境作用下试样的黏聚力急剧减小,而内摩擦角略有增加;干湿-冻融循环作用下试样的应力-应变关系软化程度最高,剪胀最显著,试样的黏聚力降低的幅度最大。基于Konder双曲线模型,对循环处理前后试样的应力-应变特性进行归一化分析,建立了考虑干湿-冻融循环次数和围压影响,能同时描述应变软化型和硬化型的应力-应变关系式,并对不同干湿-冻融循环次数试样的应力-应变曲线进行预测,预测值与实测值较为接近,预测效果较好。     

球层岩石层模型对表面荷载的响应

本文给出了在球层模型下,地球岩石层对表面荷载响应的解析解。计算了地球岩石层对圆盘形荷载和正弦型荷载的响应,及由此产生的重力异常。结果表明:1.岩石层弯曲不仅与其厚度有密切关系,而且与荷载尺度有关。当岩石层厚度与荷载尺度相比很小时,其弯曲与厚度关系不大,并呈现薄板效应。2.弹性模型岩石层在外加荷载下能承受数千巴的弯曲应力。3.弯曲应力在岩石层中的分布较为规则。由于大尺度荷载下岩石层出现薄板效应,传统的由弯曲刚度估算等效岩石层厚度的部分结果需要重新估价。     

Allocation of fishing possibilities,incentives and outcomes: Insights from Basque fishermen's organisations in Spain

There is a need for effective mechanisms to be in place in order to allocate fishing possibilities. This seems crucial so that distributional concerns regarding this issue are properly addressed. This paper aims at providing insights into the allocation of fishing possibilities from Basque fisheries. We put forward this case in terms of its outcomes to the incentives deployed by the allocation system. The institutional substratum plays a key role in the outcomes of the system. In fact, the fishermen's traditional collective approach predominates even though the management system tends towards individual rights allocation and promotion of rights transferability. This is particularly notable in the case of inshore Basque fisheries.     

青藏高原印度板块向欧亚大陆俯冲速率的研究——GPS观测资料的反演结果

利用近年来中外几个研究单位在青藏高原的GPS观测结果，根据印度板块向欧亚大陆 俯冲模型，采用二层弹性自重半空间内断层运动的位错模型，对印度板块向欧亚大陆俯冲的 速率进行了反演，给出了在大地测量观测结果约束下的现今印度板块向欧亚大陆俯冲的速率 . 反演结果表明，现今印度板块约以8.1°的倾角、21.8 mm/a的速率向欧亚大陆俯冲. 本文 结果与从地质推断的在过去2～３Ma时期内，印度板块向欧亚大陆俯冲速率平均为18mm/a,有 较好的一致性,表明在较长时间内，印度板块向欧亚大陆俯冲的速率仍然是稳定的.     

Predicting torsion‐induced lateral displacements for pushover analysis: Influence of torsional system characteristics

The increasing popularity of simplified nonlinear methods in seismic design has recently led to many proposals for procedures aimed at extending pushover analysis to plan asymmetric structures. In terms of practical applications, one particularly promising approach is based on combining pushover analysis of a 3D structural model with the results of linear (modal) dynamic analysis. The effectiveness of such procedure, however, is contingent on one fundamental requirement: the elastic prediction of the envelope of lateral displacements must be conservative with respect to the actual inelastic one. This paper aims at verifying the above assumption through an extensive parametric analysis conducted with simplified single‐storey models. The main structural parameters influencing torsional response in the elastic and inelastic range of behaviour are varied, while devoting special attention to the system stiffness eccentricity and radius. The analysis clarifies the main features of inelastic torsional response of different types of building structures; in this manner, it is found that the above‐mentioned method is generally suitable for structures characterized by moderate to large torsional stiffness, whereas it cannot be recommended for extremely torsionally stiff structures, as their inelastic torsional response almost always exceeds the elastic one. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.