Experimental–numerical investigation on the seismic behaviour of moment‐resisting timber frames with densified veneer wood‐reinforced timber joints and expanded tube fasteners

This paper investigates the seismic behaviour of moment‐resisting timber frames with beam‐column joints fastened with expanded tubes and reinforced with densified veneer wood. Laboratory experiments are carried out on single joints to investigate the cyclic behaviour and, more specifically, the impairment of strength, the ductility ratio and the equivalent viscous damping ratio. A phenomenological numerical model is proposed, where the beams and columns are schematized using linear‐elastic beam elements, and the joints with non‐linear hysteretic spring calibrated on the results of the experimental tests. The model is used to analyse some representative moment‐transmitting structures characterised by different number of bays and storeys. After an estimation of the lateral load‐carrying capacity using a pushover analysis, the numerical model is used to estimate the behaviour factor. An incremental dynamic analysis is performed using a set of accelerograms spectrum consistent with a chosen design spectrum. The analyses lead to an estimation of the behaviour factor of 3 and 6 for a portal frame and a five‐storey, three‐bay frame, respectively, which confirms the highly dissipative behaviour of this kind of moment connection. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

弹性波被动源数据一次波估计方法研究

与声波被动源数据相比,弹性波被动源数据含有更加丰富的地下地质信息.弹性波被动源数据合成的虚拟炮记录中,同样存在表面相关多次波,影响数据的后续处理以及对地下地质构造的准确判断.对弹性波被动源数据合成的虚拟炮记录进行多次波的预测与匹配相减,将比声波数据更加困难.本文提出弹性波被动源数据一次波估计方法,针对各向同性介质条件下的弹性波被动源数据进行研究,依据声波被动源数据一次波估计方法的研究思路,推导弹性波被动源数据一次波估计方法的理论过程,充分考虑弹性波被动源数据所包含的波场成分,包括纵波、横波以及在传播过程中产生的转换波.在传播过程中,由于能量的损失,略去多次传播的高阶项,进而给出相应的目标函数.利用数据的稀疏性,结合L_1范数约束的最优化问题求解方法,避免对弹性波虚拟炮记录进行多次波的预测与匹配相减,解决多次波影响问题.本文通过合成的弹性波被动源数据,进行一次波估计的测试,并与主动源和合成的虚拟炮记录进行对比,验证本文提出方法的有效性与准确性.     

Compensating elastic transmission losses for P-wave attenuation estimation from sonic logs

The decay of seismic amplitude is caused by a variety of physical phenomena that can be divided broadly into elastic transmission losses (including geometrical spreading, interface transmission losses and scattering attenuation) and intrinsic attenuation, where wave energy is converted into heat due to viscous friction. The so-called statistical averaging method is currently considered as the most advanced sonic wave attenuation estimation method, and there exist various implementations of this method. But the way elastic transmission losses – that mask the true intrinsic attenuation – are compensated for appears to be an issue and in some cases this correction has been overlooked. In this paper, we revisit the statistical averaging method for intrinsic attenuation estimation with particular focus on the role of elastic transmission losses. Through synthetic examples, we demonstrate the importance of compensating for elastic transmission losses even if the variation of velocity and density with depth is not notable. Our implementation of the method uses finite-difference simulations thereby providing a versatile and accurate way to generate synthetic seismograms. We use a combination of elastic and viscoelastic finite-difference simulations to demonstrate the significant error without accurate compensation of the elastic transmission losses. We apply our implementation of the method to sonic waveforms acquired in an exploration well from Browse basin, Australia. The resulting intrinsic attenuation estimates are indeed indicative of gas-saturated zones identified from petrophysical analysis in which viscous friction are thought to be of importance.     

Topographic elastic least-squares reverse time migration based on vector P- and S-wave equations in the curvilinear coordinates

Elastic least-squares reverse time migration has been applied to multi-component seismic data to obtain high-quality images. However, the final images may suffer from artefacts caused by P- and S-wave crosstalk and severe spurious diffractions caused by complex topographic surface conditions. To suppress these crosstalk artefacts and spurious diffractions, we have developed a topographic separated-wavefield elastic least-squares reverse time migration algorithm. In this method, we apply P- and S-wave separated elastic velocity–stress wave equations in the curvilinear coordinates to derive demigration equations and gradient formulas with respect to P- and S-velocity. For the implementation of topographic separated-wavefield elastic least-squares reverse time migration, the wavefields, gradient directions and step lengths are all calculated in the curvilinear coordinates. Numerical experiments conducted with the two-component data synthetized by a three-topographic-layer with anomalies model and the Canadian Foothills model are considered to verify our method. The results reveal that compared with the conventional method, our method promises imaging results with higher resolution and has a faster residual convergence speed. Finally, we carry out numerical examples on noisy data, imperfect migration velocity and inaccurate surface elevation to analyse its sensitivity to noise, migration velocity and surface elevation error. The results prove that our method is less sensitive to noise compared with the conventional elastic least-squares reverse time migration and needs good migration velocities as other least-squares reverse time migration methods. In addition, when implementing the proposed method, an accurate surface elevation should be obtained by global positioning system to yield high-quality images.     

城市轨道交通通勤与职住平衡状况的关系研究——基于大数据方法的北京实证分析

城市轨道交通网络的发展在提高居民通勤效率的同时也对其职住平衡状况产生了一定影响。论文以北京市206个轨道站点为例,基于高斯混合模型(Gaussian mixture model, GMM)和一卡通刷卡数据将轨道站点按职住功能进行分类,利用腾讯“宜出行”定位数据考察轨道站点周边的动态人口分布并计算就业居住比。研究发现：① 中心城区的职住状况明显优于中心城区以外区域;② 轨道交通线网末端区域的职住平衡程度较差,仅有少数成规模的高端服务产业集中分布的轨道站点周边形成了区域性就业中心;③ 部分就业-居住较为均衡的城郊地区仍存在一定的职住不匹配现象。随后,通过计算一卡通出进站比和“宜出行”职住比得到出进站均衡度和职住平衡度,利用广义自回归条件异方差(generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity, GARCH)模型对轨道交通通勤和职住平衡程度进行相关性分析,研究结果表明：① 出进站均衡度与职住平衡度具有非常显著的正向关系,即站点进出站人数越接近,站点周边区域的职住状况越好;② 典型就业地站点与站点周边区域的职住平衡程度显著正相关,而典型居住地站点与站点周边区域的职住状况存在显著的负相关性。这表明,人口稠密的聚居区无法带动同样数量就业岗位的产生,而完善的就业中心能够吸引一定数量的人口在附近居住;③ 轨道站点的区位条件与职住平衡状况存在一定正向关系;④ GMM能够对属性复杂模糊的轨道站点进行有效的聚类分析;⑤ 具有实时性强、精确度高、覆盖度广、获取难度低等优点的“宜出行”数据能够在微观空间尺度下弥补其他捕捉和分析实时人口时空分布特征方法的局限性。     

Multi-resolution MPS for incompressible fluid-elastic structure interactions in ocean engineering

The paper presents a multi-resolution MPS (Moving Particle Semi-implicit)-based FSI (Fluid-Structure Interaction) solver for efficient and accurate simulations of incompressible fluid flows interacting with elastic structures. The fluid model is founded on the projection-based MPS solution of continuity and Navier-Stokes equations. The structure model is set based on MPS-based discretization of linear and angular momenta corresponding to an isotropic elastic solid. Fluid-structure coupling is conducted in a mathematically-physically consistent manner along with implementation of a multi-resolution scheme comprising of common radius of influence, revised weight function, revised number density and potential number density concepts to enhance i) consistency of particle-based discretizations, ii) imposition of boundary conditions and iii) volume conservation at fluid-structure interface. A set of previously developed enhanced schemes are also adopted for the fluid model. The robustness and efficiency of proposed Enhanced Multi-resolution MPS-MPS FSI solver are investigated through a set of ocean engineering-related benchmark tests. To the best knowledge of authors, this study presents the first multi-resolution particle method for FSI corresponding to incompressible fluid and elastic structures.     

碲在官田黄铁矿矿床中的聚集及地球化学

碲是官田黄铁矿矿床中的重要伴生组分,高度聚集在寄主矿物黄铁矿中,含碲矿物是楚碲铋矿、赫碲铋矿和碲铋矿。成碲和聚碲的物理化学条件是：压力低于１０ＭＰａ,温度１４０～２２０℃,含碲流体的盐度低于１２ω（ＮａＣｌ）,离子类型为ＳＯ２－４－Ｋ＋－Ｃａ２＋型,ｐＨ值为４．４～５．８,Ｅｈ值为－０．５Ｖ,ｆＯ２＜１０－２５×１０５Ｐａ,ｆＣＯ２＜１０１．８×１０５Ｐａ,ｆＳ２为（１０－２１．３４～１０－１５．７２）×１０５Ｐａ,ｆＴｅ２为（１０－１１．９３～１０－８．７２）×１０５Ｐａ。含碲热液具多来源,成碲和聚碲时期以天水为主导。碲的可能迁移形式是［ＴｅＳ３］２－和［ＡｕＴｅＳ３］－。文章最后与大水沟独立碲矿床进行了综合对比。     

Complex movement patterns by foraging loggerhead sea turtles outside the breeding season identified using Argos‐linked Fastloc‐Global Positioning System

We used Argos‐linked Fastloc‐Global Positioning System (Argos‐linked Fastloc‐GPS) satellite tags to investigate how loggerhead sea turtles use neritic foraging habitats at multiple scales. Out of 24 turtles, six individuals used more than one foraging site, with all sites being separated by >25 km. These six individuals used up to four sites, remaining at each site for a mean of 150 days and returning to the same site a minimum of 52 days later. The other 18 turtles remained in a single site. The area within sites was not used uniformly, with 15 out of 24 turtles exhibiting complex movement patterns within and amongst up to five focal patches, which were typically 0.1–5.0 km apart within a single site. Movements between sites and patches might sometimes have reflected overwintering behaviour; however, similar movement patterns occurred at multiple times of the year, suggesting other factors were also involved. Use of multiple sites and patches might be driven by differences in resource availability, such as food and/or night‐time refuges, competition, or exploratory movement to investigate or locate alternative patches. We confirmed competition via direct visual observations of aggressive interactions between individuals at one foraging patch. Our results illustrate the importance of standardizing data to the same number of locations per day and night to accurately delineate key areas used by turtles or for evidence‐based marine protected area planning.     

Are all patterns created equal? Cooperation is more likely in spatially simple habitats

Cooperative behaviours, such as aggregation with neighbouring conspecifics, can enhance resilience in habitats where risks (i.e. predation, physical disturbances) are high, exerting positive feedback loops to maintain a healthy population. At the same time, cooperation behaviours can involve some extra energy expenditures and increasing resource competition. For sessile reefs, like mussels, simulation models predict increased cooperation under increasing levels of environmental stress. Predation risk is viewed as a behaviour‐modifying stressor, but its role on cooperation mechanisms, such as likelihood of reciprocity, has not yet been empirically tested. This study harnesses this framework to understand how cooperation changes under different perceived levels of predation risk, using mussel beds as model of a complex “self‐organised” system. Hence, we assessed the context dependency of cooperation response in different “landscapes of fear,” created by changes in predator cues, substratum availability and body size. Our experiments demonstrated that i) cooperation in a mussel bed system increases when predator cues are present, but that this relationship was found to be both, ii) strongly context‐dependent, particularly upon substratum availability and iii) size‐dependent. That is, while cooperation is in general greater for larger individuals, the response to risk results in greater cooperation when alternative attachment substratum is absent, meaning that simpler landscapes may be perceived as riskier. The context dependency of structural complexity is also an essential finding to consider in a changing world where habitats are losing complexity and cooperative strategies should be maximised.     

No longer working for the state: residual state sector versus private sector

The paper is concerned with decreasing state ownership in post-communist Eastern Europe and a concomitant decline in the proportion employed in the state sector. Many individuals have shifted into private sector employment, self-employment or unemployment. The literature on sectoral shifts in employment in Eastern Europe is summarised, and from this it is argued that there will be a growing differentiation between private sector employees and state sector employees in economic, social and political terms. Data is then analysed based on a survey in 1995 of around 1000 households in each of four cities – Budapest, Prague, Warsaw and Krakow. Similar patterns emerged in the four cities. Consistent differences in working conditions and rewards are already evident between the self-employed, private sector and state sector. These conflicting economic interests are reflected in contrasting attitudes to the economy and polity amongst those employed in different sectors. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.