企业地理研究综述

西方发达国家自本世纪60年代以来,企业地理研究的理论、方法和实践已有了很大进展。为开展我国企业地理研究,本文主要论述了企业地理研究的产生背景及其发展历程、主要领域以及研究动向,并认为在我国开展企业地理研究具有广阔的发展前景和深远的理论与实际意义。     

弹性波克希霍夫积分偏移法

P、S波同时偏移法是为了适应复杂构造地区勘探情况而开始研究的一种偏移方法。在前人工作的基础上,应用弹性波克希霍夫积分偏移的基本原理,改进了纵波（PP）及转换波（PS）的同时克希霍夫积分偏移方法,给出了一种近于实用的计算机流程和程序;并用其分别对射线理论合成反射波资料、有限元模拟地震波传播资料进行了检验,证明此种方法是有效的。在解决复杂构造地区的地震波成象方面,该方法具有很大的潜力。     

渤南油田深井压裂试验的地下水动态观测与初步研究

在一口石油深井的压裂试验过程中,观测了井孔地下水压力、流量与温度动态的反映,结果表明同层地下水动态反映明显,流量的反映幅度大于压力,由此提出在地下水动态反映含水层应力应变的机理中,水动力学过程的重要性;水动力学机理中两种信息传递方式及流体介质传递方式的重要性;对同一个应力应变过程流量的反映更优于压力的反映等观点     

前庭系统功能与震前动物行为异常

震前重力异常与震前声发射所需的地球物理条件相同,大体是伴生现象。所有的生物(从植物到人类)都能测知重力,但都离不开钙。重力改变相当于动物居处发生了高程变更。震前重力异常与动物异常在时空上有相关性。前庭系统受重力作用后可引起行为模式的改变。这启示我们;①地声监测与重力监测台网应并设;②研制整合的重力—地声监测地震仪;③研究、开发钙在重力仪中的功用和部件;④加强动物失重研究;⑤震前动物骚动的原因可能主要是重力异常和声发射,响应者是位听系统。     

海城地震余震活动演化中的混沌行为

通过海城地震余震活动序列资料，根据相空间中余震活动的演化特征，余震活动的功率谱和非线性地震活动演化方程的迭代解详细地研究了余震活动的基本特征．结果显示，余震活动除了通常熟悉的平均的衰减和周期性行为之外，还存在同样显著的混沌行为．     

弹性波反射法在桩基检测中的理论与应用

根据波动理论探讨了弹性波在砼桩中的传播衰减规律及反射特征，提出了判断桩基质量的有关理论依据，并结合工程实例应用弹性波反射法讨论了时域、频域分析法的基本原理及存在问题．     

Reaction textures and fluid behaviour in very high pressure calc-silicate rocks of the Münchberg gneiss complex, Bavaria, Germany

Calc-silicate rocks occur as elliptical bands and boudins intimately interlayered with eclogites and high-pressure gneisses in the Münchberg gneiss complex of NE Bavaria. Core assemblages of the boudins consist of grossular-rich garnet, diopside, quartz, zoisite, clinozoisite, calcite, rutile and titanite. The polygonal granoblastic texture commonly displays mineral relics and reaction textures such as post kinematic grossular-rich garnet coronas. Reactions between these mineral phases have been modelled in the CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-CO₂-H₂O system with an internally consistent thermodynamic data base. High-pressure metamorphism in the calc-silicate rocks has been estimated at a minimum pressure of 31 kbar at a temperature of 630d? C with X_H2, O ≥ 0.03. Small volumes of a CO₂-N₂-rich fluid whose composition was buffered on a local scale were present at peak-metamorphic conditions. The P-T conditions for the onset of the amphibolite facies overprint are about 10 kbar at the same temperature. X_Co2 of the H₂O-rich fluid phase is regarded to have been <0.03 during amphibolite facies conditions. These P-T estimates are interpreted as representing different stages of recrystallization during isothermal decompression. The presence of multiple generations of mineral phases and the preservation of very high-pressure relics in single thin sections preclude pervasive post-peak metamorphic fluid flow as a cause of a re-equilibration within the calc-silicates. The preservation of eclogite facies, very high-pressure relics as well as amphibolite facies reactions textures in the presence of a fluid phase is in agreement with fast, tectonically driven unroofing of these rocks.     

球层岩石层模型对表面荷载的响应

本文给出了在球层模型下,地球岩石层对表面荷载响应的解析解。计算了地球岩石层对圆盘形荷载和正弦型荷载的响应,及由此产生的重力异常。结果表明:1.岩石层弯曲不仅与其厚度有密切关系,而且与荷载尺度有关。当岩石层厚度与荷载尺度相比很小时,其弯曲与厚度关系不大,并呈现薄板效应。2.弹性模型岩石层在外加荷载下能承受数千巴的弯曲应力。3.弯曲应力在岩石层中的分布较为规则。由于大尺度荷载下岩石层出现薄板效应,传统的由弯曲刚度估算等效岩石层厚度的部分结果需要重新估价。     

Composition dependence of elasticity in aluminosilicate glasses

The elastic properties of two types of aluminosilicate (basaltic and rhyolitic) glasses have been studied using both Brillouin and Raman spectroscopy at ambient conditions. It has been found that the elastic moduli of the basaltic glasses decrease with increasing SiO₂ concentration. The shear moduli displayed the least dependence on SiO₂ content. The bulk moduli of the basaltic glasses strongly depend on the sum of the Q ³ and Q ⁴ anionic units. Among the modifiers, iron cations showed the strongest effect on the elastic properties of the rhyolitic glasses. For the elastic moduli of rhyolitic glasses, the major effect of alkaline earth cations is on shear modulus; however, both iron and alkali cations showed stronger effects on bulk modulus and similar relative contribution between bulk and shear moduli (based on the equivalent M⁺ cation). The dependences of elastic moduli on bulk NBO/T observed in both types of glasses suggest that the elastic modulus of an aluminosilicate glass depends on the concentration of effective modifying cations rather than the apparent concentration of all non-network-forming cations. An analysis of data also indicated that the ideal molar mixing model is failed in prediction of the elastic properties of the present multicomponent glasses by using the known parameters.     

A Rb/Sr record of catchment weathering response to Holocene climate change in Inner Mongolia

Variation in the rubidium to strontium (Rb/Sr) ratio of the loess–palaeosol sequences has been proposed to reflect the degree of pedogenesis and weathering in the northwestern region of China. To characterize the Rb/Sr ratio of the dissolved loads of a single catchment, we analysed a 12·08 m sediment core from Daihai Lake in Inner Mongolia, north China. Dating control was provided by ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs and AMS‐¹⁴C. Sequential extraction experiments were conducted to investigate the concentrations of Rb and Sr on various chemical fractions in the lake sediments. Down‐core variation in the Rb/Sr ratios provides a record of Holocene weathering history. From 9 to 3·5 ka bp , accelerated chemical weathering was experienced throughout the Daihai catchment under mainly warm and humid conditions, and this reached a maximum at c. 5 ka bp . However, weathering was reduced between c. 8·25 and 7·90 ka bp , which may reflect the global 8·2 ka cooling event. After c. 2·5 ka bp , increased Rb/Sr ratios with higher frequency of fluctuations indicate reduced weathering within the Daihai catchment. The highest Rb/Sr ratios in the Little Ice Age lake sediments indicate the weakest phase of Holocene chemical weathering, resulting from a marked reduction in Sr flux into the basin. The Rb/Sr record also shows an enhancement of chemical weathering under today's climate, but its intensity is less than that of the Medieval Warm Period. Increased Rb/Sr in lake sediment corresponding to reduced catchment weathering is in striking contrast to Rb/Sr decrease in the glacial loess layers in the loess–palaeosol sequence. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.