Meridional Variation of the 1955-2003 Sea Level Anomalies in the Tropical Pacific Ocean Associated with El Ni(n)o Events

The Sea Level Anomaly-Torque (SLAT, relative to a reference location in the Pacific Ocean), which means the total torque of the gravity forces of sea waters with depths equal to the Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) in the tropical Pacific Ocean, is defined in this study. The time series of the SLAT from merged altimeter data (1993-2003) had a great meridional variation during the 1997-1998 El Ni(n)o event. By using historical upper layer temperature data (1955-2003) for the tropical Pacific Ocean, the temperature-based SLAT is also calculated and the meridional variation can be found in the historical El Ni(n)o events (1955-2003), which suggests that the meridional shifts of the sea level anomaly are also intrinsic oscillating modes of the El Ni(n)o cycles like the zonal shifts.     

前期热带太平洋、印度洋海温异常对长江流域及以南地区6月降水的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR提供的1951—2000年全球月平均海表温度距平资料及中国160个测站的月降水资料,采用相关关系分析、合成分析方法,研究了前期热带太平洋、印度洋海温异常对长江流域及以南地区6月降水的影响。结果表明:(1)Nino3指数与印度洋偶极子指数(IODI)有明显的季节变化,且两者同期相关关系随季节不同,以秋季的相关关系最好,相关系数达0.523,并且这时两种指数的强度也较大。作秋季ENSO和印度洋偶极子同时发生年至次年6月的时间序列,发现两事件存在2月左右的位相差,IODI在9—10月达到峰值,Nino3指数在12月达到峰值。说明在相关最好的秋季两事件并不是完全同步的;(2)前期秋季Nino3指数、印度洋偶极子指数及新定义的同时考虑两种指数的一个综合指数—IODN3这3种指数与中国6月降水的相关系数分布有相似特征,主要表现为相关显著区都在长江流域及以南地区。3种指数与降水的相关中,以IODN3与降水相关关系最为显著,显著区范围也最大;(3)前期秋季El Nio和印度洋偶极子正位相同时发生年6月的500 hPa位势高度、垂直速度、水汽输送等异常分布与其前期秋季反位相年6月的异常分布有相反的特征,表明海温异常对长江流域及以南地区降水有重要影响,对应该地区6月降水偏多或偏少;(4)前期秋季El Nio和印度洋偶极子正位相同时发生使菲律宾反气旋加强和维持,形成有利于降水的环流形势。     

不同分布型厄尔尼诺事件及对中国次年夏季降水的可能影响

利用1951—2009年线性最优插值全球海温资料,NCEP/NCAR再分析大气资料,以及中国160个站的降水资料等,重点分析了不同分布型厄尔尼诺事件的海温演变特征及对应的热带大气的响应情况,并进一步探讨了不同分布型厄尔尼诺事件对次年夏季中国降水的可能影响。根据厄尔尼诺事件发展达到盛期时海温距平的分布特点,将1950年以来的厄尔尼诺事件分为东部型、中部型和混合型。不同分布型厄尔尼诺事件的海温演变及后期的发展都表现出较为明显的差异,对应的热带太平洋上空向外长波辐射距平分布及热带印度洋-太平洋上空的沃克环流异常也表现出明显的不同。在厄尔尼诺的次年夏季,通过影响850hPa风场、水汽输送及500hPa西太平洋副热带高压系统,东部型、中部型及混合型厄尔尼诺事件可能分别导致中国雨带呈现南方型(III类)、中间型(II类)和北方型(I类)的分布特点。     

两类厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季印度洋海温异常特征对比

基于1951—2010年逐月海气多要素观测资料,对比分析了两类厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季印度洋的海温异常及大气响应特征,探讨了印度洋偶极子的发生与两类厄尔尼诺事件特征的可能联系。结果表明,两类厄尔尼诺事件的发展年均会出现印度洋偶极子,但出现的概率不同:大多数东部型厄尔尼诺事件都会伴有正位相印度洋偶极子发生;而仅一半的中部型厄尔尼诺事件期间会出现正位相印度洋偶极子的异常海温型,且强度较弱。从印度洋偶极子与两类厄尔尼诺事件的物理联系上看,东部型厄尔尼诺事件期间,印度洋偶极子的发生与其强度联系密切:印度洋偶极子发生在东部型厄尔尼诺事件较强期间,两者通过海洋大陆的异常强下沉运动及大范围负异常降水相联系;东部型厄尔尼诺事件偏弱时并无印度洋偶极子出现,海洋大陆异常下沉运动及负异常降水很弱。然而,中部型厄尔尼诺事件期间印度洋偶极子的发生与其强度并无显著的关系,而与太平洋高海温区的位置存在一定的可能联系:在有印度洋偶极子发生的中部型厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季,热带太平洋异常高海温区的位置相对偏东,海洋大陆出现显著下沉运动和大范围负异常降水,热带东印度洋为大范围强异常东风控制;但无印度洋偶极子发生的中部型厄尔尼诺事件时,热带太平洋高海温区位置相对偏西,极弱的海洋大陆下沉支对热带印度洋异常海温作用非常有限。     

Warming in the Northwestern Indian Ocean Associated with the El Ni(n)o Event

This paper investigates possible warming effects of an El Ni(n)o event on the sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA)in the northwestern Indian Ocean.Most pure positive Indian Ocean dipole(IOD)events (without an El Ni(n)o event co-occurring) have a maximum positive SSTA mainly in the central Indian Ocean south of the equator.while most co-occurrences with an El Ni(n)o event exhibit a northwest-southeast typical dipole mode.It is therefore inferred that warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean is closely related to the El Ni(n)o event.Based on the atmospheric bridge theory,warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean during co-occurring cases may be primarily caused by relatively less latent heat loss from the ocean due to reduced wind speed.The deepened thermocline also contributes to the warming along the east coast of Africa through the suppressed upwelling of the cold water.Therefore,the El Ni(n)o event is suggested to have a modulating effect on the structure of the dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean.     

Impact of Preceding Summer North Atlantic Oscillation on Early Autumn Precipitation over Central China

This study examined the impact of the preceding boreal summer（June–August） North Atlantic Oscillation（NAO） on early autumn（September） rainfall over Central China（RCC）. The results show that a significant positive correlation exists between the preceding summer NAO and the early autumn RCC on the interannual timescale. In order to understand the physical mechanism between them, the role of ocean was investigated. It was found that the strong summer NAO can induce a tripole sea surface temperature anomaly（SSTA） in the North Atlantic; this SSTA pattern can persist until early autumn. The diagnostic analysis showed that the tripole SSTA pattern excites a downstream Atlantic-Eurasian（AEA） teleconnection, which contributes to an increase in RCC. The circulation anomalies related to SSTA caused by the weak NAO are opposite, so the RCC is less than normal. The results imply that the preceding summer NAO may be regarded as a forecast factor for the early autumn RCC.     

El Nio、La Nia事件与太阳活动对河南省东亚飞蝗大发生的影响

用研究灾变规律的关键时方法分析了El Nio、La Nia事件和太阳活动对河南省东亚飞蝗 (Locus ta migratoria manilensis Meyen) 的影响。结果发现, El No和La Nia事件不会促使河南省沿黄地区东亚飞蝗的大发生, 并得出El Ni no和La Ni na事件对飞蝗大发生的影响主要通过影响其发生地的天气、气候 (主要是降水), 从而影响飞蝗的大发生。在太阳黑子相对数高年的后一年, 河南省东亚飞蝗大发生的可能性超过90%。     

Statistical Evidence for Asymmetry in ENSO–IOD Interactions

The interaction between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) has been noted in many previous studies. However, the interaction is often presumed to exist in a robust manner. This paper questions this assumption and looks for statistical evidence for the robust existence of the ENSO–IOD interaction rather than chance co-occurrences. Consistent definitions of ENSO and IOD events were developed so that ENSO and IOD events identified are comparable in nature, strength, persistence, and time of occurrence during the year, relative to their natural variability. We applied a combinatorial probability test to the probability tables of ENSO and IOD events to test for robustness of our results and those computed from two published works. Our findings show that there is an asymmetry in the interaction between ENSO and IOD. The interaction between El Niño (EN) and the positive and negative phases of the IOD (pIOD and nIOD, respectively) is more robust, enhancing the EN–pIOD co-occurrence and suppressing the EN–nIOD co-occurrence. On the other hand, the interaction between La Niña (LN) and either phase of the IOD cannot be said to exist with the same robustness; the interaction suppresses LN–pIOD co-occurrence, but the occurrence of LN–nIOD might be coincidental. Further research is needed to determine the cause and mechanisms for the asymmetry in the interaction between LN and pIOD/nIOD.     

夏季菲律宾低空越赤道气流与南半球大气环流的关系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,定义了1950-2009年菲律宾越赤道气流强度指数,并研究其与南半球大气环流的关系。结果表明,菲律宾越赤道气流受南半球低层极地高压、绕极低压带和中纬度副热带高压,以及高层巨大的绕极低压影响;南半球环流对菲律宾越赤道气流的影响主要是通过南极涛动的调整,对澳大利亚高压产生影响来发挥作用,从南极涛动发生调整到对越赤道气流及北半球环流产生影响,有约4a的时滞;澳大利亚高压强度和位置的变化对菲律宾越越赤道气流有重要影响,关键区位于澳大利亚高压西北方向的洋面上。     

2015/2016年超强El Nio局地海气特征及其特殊性

利用NOAA海表温度和NCEP/NCAR大气环流等全球再分析资料,讨论了2015/2016年超强El Nio事件局地海气过程的演变特征,并与1982/1983和1997/1998年两次强El Nio事件做了对比分析。结果表明,2015/2016年El Nio在峰值强度、持续时间、累计海温距平等指标上都略强于前两次El Nio,可视为有完整气象观测纪录以来的最强事件;与前两次事件相比,2015/2016年El Nio海温异常中心位置明显偏西,热带东太平洋海温相对较冷而中太平洋更暖,由于热带对流对海温的非线性响应,赤道东太平洋降水相对较弱,中太平洋则显著偏多,这在El Nio当年12月至次年4月尤为明显;此外,在前两次El Nio的成熟期至衰减期,中太平洋大气响应都存在明显的南移特征,西风异常和对流中心都从赤道南移到了5°S以南。而2015/2016年中太平洋大气响应一直位于赤道附近,南移特征相对较弱,ENSO和年循环相互作用的组合模态相比前两次较弱,西北太平洋反气旋的强度也弱于前两次。这主要是由于2015年冬季至2016年春季,热带太平洋暖海温异常位置偏西,中太平洋海温异常明显强于前两次,叠加气候平均态海温之后,赤道南北两侧海温都高于对流阈值,对流旺盛,这大大削弱了大气响应的经向移动和ENSO组合模态的强度。