东亚冬季风综合指数及其表达的东亚冬季风年际变化特征

本文通过多变量经验正交函数展开 (multivariate EOF, 简称 MV-EOF) 研究了东亚冬季风各系统成员的协同关系, 再运用单变量EOF定义单个系统的强度系数。从而给出能够反映东亚冬季风各主要特征及其年际变化、同时包含西伯利亚高压、东亚大槽和纬向风经向切变信息的强度指数 (EAWMII)。分析表明, 这个新指数EAWMII能够很好地反映东亚冬季风在20世纪80年代中期的减弱信号, 并且与大气环流场以及东亚冬季表面温度的变化均显著相关, 能够在很大程度上表征东亚冬季风的综合特征。此外, EAWMII与北极涛动 (Arctic Oscillation, 简称AO) 指数、北太平洋涛动 (North Pacific Oscillation, 简称NPO) 指数和Nio3.4指数相关显著。分析还表明AO和NPO影响东亚冬季气候的区域有所不同: AO主要影响欧亚大陆中、高纬、我国东北以及日本北部等地区, NPO则主要影响华南、华东、朝鲜、韩国以及日本中南部及其附近海域。并且, AO很可能可以通过影响NPO进而影响东亚冬季风。     

近40年秦岭南北地区气候变化及与El Nino/La Nina事件相关性分析

通过对近40年来秦岭南北地区气候变化及与El Nino/Ln Nina事件相关性研究发现，秦岭南北地区气温与降水同步波动，但波动幅度有差别。二者都有暖干化趋势，秦岭以北变暖程度超过秦岭以南，而秦岭以南年降水量的绝对减少量大于秦岭以北，两地年平均气温降水量差值有缩小趋势。Ln Nina事件对秦岭南北地区的影响大于El Ninona事件，La Nina年年平均气温明显下降，超过极显著相关水平，而降水增多。El Nino年气温略有升高趋势，降水略有减少趋势，但达不到统计上的相关水平。     

陕北黄土高原区极端降水时空变化特征及其影响因素

基于1970—2017年逐日降水数据,辅以趋势分析、空间分析和小波相干等气候诊断方法,对陕北黄土高原区极端降水时空变化特征进行分析,探讨不同海区海温异常与降水变化的响应关系。结果表明：① 1970—2017年,陕北地区气温波动上升,降水增加,半干旱界线明显向西北方向移动;② 1970—2017年,陕北地区降水呈现极端化。具体表现为,弱降水日数减少,强降水日数增加,降水持续时间呈现破碎化,1日最大降水量、5日最大降水量和降水强度均表现出显著的上升趋势;③ 在影响因素上,陕北地区极端降水变化受赤道太平洋中西部海温影响明显于东部,受赤道太平洋北侧影响明显于南侧,受海温年代周期变化影响（14~16a）明显于中长期周期（4~8a）。同时,NINO W区可作为区域极端降水响应的关键海区。当NINO W区海温异常偏高时,陕北地区降水普遍偏高,降水强度和持续时间增加,易发生雨涝灾害。     

吉林省40年来气温和降水的变化

选用吉林省有代表性的10个测站，用功率谱方法分析其40年来季节降水和气温趋势变化。结果表明，吉林省气候短周期变化与东亚季风的年际振荡准3.5年（QTO）和准2年（QBO）周期基本是一致的。10年际季节气温变化表明，冬季较50年代明显变暖，升温2℃左右，而夏季升温较弱，但与50～70年代的夏季低温周期相比，80年代以来则进入一个相对暖的周期。夏季副热带季风进退对吉林省的夏季气温和降水影响很大。     

Satellite Measurements of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in Wintertime Stratospheric Ozone over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia

We investigate the Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO) signal in wintertime stratospheric ozone over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia using the harmonized dataset of satellite ozone profiles. Two different MJO indices — the all-season Real-Time multivariate MJO index(RMM) and outgoing longwave radiation-based MJO index(OMI) — are used to compare the MJOrelated ozone anomalies. The results show that there are pronounced eastward-propagating MJO-related stratospheric ozone anomalies(mainly within 20–200 h Pa) over the subtropics. The negative stratospheric ozone anomalies are over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia in MJO phases 4–7, when MJO-related tropical deep convective anomalies move from the equatorial Indian Ocean towards the western Pacific Ocean. Compared with the results based on RMM, the MJO-related stratospheric column ozone anomalies based on OMI are stronger and one phase ahead. Further analysis suggests that different sampling errors, observation principles and retrieval algorithms may be responsible for the discrepancies among different satellite measurements. The MJO-related stratospheric ozone anomalies can be attributed to the MJO-related circulation anomalies,i.e., the uplifted tropopause and the northward shifted westerly jet in the upper troposphere. Compared to the result based on RMM, the upper tropospheric westerly jet may play a less important role in generating the stratospheric column ozone anomalies based on OMI. Our study indicates that the circulation-based MJO index(RMM) can better characterize the MJOrelated anomalies in tropopause pressure and thus the MJO influence on atmospheric trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, especially over subtropical East Asia.     

北太平洋涛动与淮河流域夏季降水异常的关系

研究了北太平洋涛动（NPO）与淮河流域夏季降水异常的关系。结果表明：冬季北太平洋涛动与次年夏季我国淮河流域降水异常呈明显的负相关：强（弱）涛动年,次年夏季淮河流域降水偏少（多）。进一步研究表明,1976年冬季NPO突变前,冬季北太平洋涛动指数（North Pacific Oscilla-tion index,INPO）与次年夏季淮河流域降水的负相关显著;突变后,负相关明显减弱;冬季INPO对淮河流域夏季降水预测的参考意义在突变前较好,在突变后减弱。     

Delayed impacts of the El Niño episodes in the central Pacific on the summertime climate anomalies of eastern China in 2003 and 2007

In the summers of 2003 and 2007, eastern China suffered similar climate disasters with severe flooding in the Huaihe River valley and heat waves in the southern Yangtze River delta and South China. Using SST data and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data from NOAA along with reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR, the 2002/03 and 2006/07 El Nino episodes in the central Pacific and their delayed impacts on the following early summertime climate anomalies of eastern China were analyzed. The possible physical progresses behaved as follows: Both of the moderate El Nino episodes matured in the central equatorial Pacific during the early winter. The zonal wind anomalies near the sea surface of the west-central equatorial Pacific excited equatorial Kelvin waves propagating eastward and affected the evolution of the El Ni\~no episodes. From spring to early summer, the concurring anomalous easterly winds in the central equatorial Pacific and the end of upwelling Kelvin waves propagating eastward in the western equatorial Pacific, favored the equatorial warm water both of the SST and the subsurface temperature in the western Pacific. These conditions favored the warm state of the western equatorial Pacific in the early summer for both cases of 2003 and 2007. Due to the active convection in the western equatorial Pacific in the early summer and the weak warm SST anomalies in the tropical western Pacific from spring to early summer, the convective activities in the western Pacific warm pool showed the pattern in which the anomalous strong convection only appeared over the southern regions of the tropical western Pacific warm pool, which effects the meridional shift of the western Pacific subtropical high in the summer. The physical progress of the delayed impacts of the El Ni\~no episodes in the central equatorial Pacific and their decaying evolution on the climate anomalies in eastern China were interpreted through the key role of special pattern for the heat convection in the tropical western Pacific warm pool and the response of the western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone.     

冬季北大西洋涛动对中国春季降水异常的影响

利用中国397个测站降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用相关分析、合成分析等方法,研究了冬季北大西洋涛动(NAO)对我国春季降水的影响。结果表明,我国春季降水与前期冬季NAO关系密切,冬季NAO偏强(弱)时,我国东部南方地区春季降水偏多(少),北方地区春季降水偏少(多)。冬季NAO信号通过波列形式传播至东亚地区,使得春季东亚副热带急流和温带急流发生变化,冬季NAO偏强(弱)时,春季东亚副热带西风急流增强(减弱),温带急流减弱(增强)。进一步分析表明,冬季NAO异常会引起春季乌拉尔山高压脊和东亚大槽的变化,导致东亚对流层上层的温度发生变化,并由此产生经向温度梯度异常,这可能是NAO影响东亚高空急流的原因之一。春季东亚对流层上层的气温变冷(暖),使得东亚地区30°-40°N区域产生下沉(上升)运动,20°-30°N区域产生上升(下沉)运动,最终导致我国东部南方地区春季降水偏多(少)、北方地区春季降水偏少(多)。     

两类El Nio事件对我国河西走廊地区水文气象要素的影响

在两类El Nio事件下,通过滑动平均,对河西走廊地区降水量、气温及出山径流量与ElNio的相关性进行了研究,并用距平法分析了1959-2005年期间两类El Nio事件对研究区气温、降水量和出山径流量变化的具体影响。结果表明,整个河西地区受El Ni珘no较强影响,在第一类El Nio事件年,高温少雨、出山径流量偏少;第二类El Nio事件年该地区低温多雨、出山径流量较丰。相比高海拔山区,气温在低海拔地区对El Nio响应程度更高,降水对El Nio的响应在山区和低海拔平原区差别不大,均表现出较高的敏感性。与出山径流量相比,降水量和气温对El Nio的响应更高一些。     

El Ni(n)o盛期印度夏季风水汽输送在我国华北地区夏季降水异常中的作用

通过对１９５１￣１９９４年我国夏季１６０个站降水资料的分析,指出ＥｌＮｉｎｏ盛期在我国华北地区具有显著的降水负异常,为了解释这种降水负异常产生的原因,利用ＥＣＥＰ／ＮＣＡＲ１９４９￣１９９６年再分析资料,分析了夏季印度季风区的水汽输送在东亚季风区水汽输送中的作用。结果表明,印度季风区的水汽输送与我国华北地区的水汽输送有显著的正相关。ＥｌＮｉｎｏ期间往往对应着弱印度季风,即ＥｌＮｉｎｏ民弱印度夏季