Provenance, Tectonic Setting and Geochemistry of Ahwaz Sandstone Member (Asmari Formation, Oligo-Miocene), Marun Oilfield, Zagros Basin, SW Iran

The Asmari Formation deposited in the Zagros foreland basin during the OligoceneMiocene. Lithologically, the Asmari Formation consists of limestone, dolomitic limestone, dolomite, argillaceous limestone, some anhydrite(Kalhur Member) and sandstones(Ahwaz Member). This study is based on the analysis of core samples from four subsurface sections(wells Mn-68, Mn-281, Mn-292 and Mn-312) in the Marun Oilfield in the Dezful embayment subzone in order to infer their provenance and tectonic setting of the Ahwaz Sandstone Member. Petrographical data reveal that the Ahwaz Sandstone comprises 97.5% quartz, 1.6% feldspar, and 0.9% rock fragments and all samples are classified as quartz arenites. The provenance and tectonic setting of the Ahwaz Sandstone have been assessed using integrated petrographic and geochemical studies. Petrographic analysis reveals that mono- and poly-crystalline quartz grains from metamorphic and igneous rocks of a craton interior setting were the dominant sources. Chemically, major and trace element concentrations in the rocks of the Ahwaz Sandstone indicate deposition in a passive continental margin setting. As indicated by the CIW′ index(chemical index of weathering) of the Ahwaz Sandstone(average value of 82) their source area underwent "intense" recycling but "moderate to high" degree of chemical weathering. The petrography and geochemistry results are consistent with a tropical, humid climate and low-relief highlands.     

沧东-南皮凹陷舍女寺地区孔店组油层组沉积微相

舍女寺地区位于沧东凹陷和南皮凹陷之间,西靠沧县隆起东与孔店构造带以鞍部相接,朵体范围较大。该目标区孔二段2油层组主要发育辫状河三角洲及水下扇沉积相,延伸至官158井。物源主要来自西侧沧县隆起地区。本文通过砂体联井与代表井岩性及测井特征分析对该地区沉积微相进行详细研究。     

元坝地区大安寨段陆相页岩气富集高产主控因素

四川盆地元坝地区大安寨段湖相泥页岩为研究对象,在样品实验数据分析和岩心观察的基础上,对元坝地区陆相页岩气的形成条件进行了评价,并探讨了陆相页岩气富集高产的主控因素。元坝地区大安寨段泥页岩具有厚度大、有机质丰度高、类型好、热演化程度适中、储集物性以及含气性好、并具有可压性等特点,具备陆相页岩气形成的有利地质条件。元坝地区泥页岩含气量较高,其中吸附气量明显受到温度和压力、IOC、热演化程度(Ro)以及矿物成分的控制,表现为与压力、TOC、硅质和粘土矿物呈正相关,与温度、Ro呈负相关,与碳酸盐矿物相关性不大的特点,影响程度表现为TOCRo硅质粘土矿物碳酸盐矿物;游离气量则受孔隙和裂缝发育的影响,其与孔隙度成正相关关系;其中反映孔隙发育程度的基质孔隙度与TOC、粘土矿物含量呈正相关,与石英+长石呈先正相关后负相关(在40%左右最大),与碳酸盐含量呈负相关;裂缝发育程度则受岩性、构造作用、沉积成岩作用以及生烃作用的控制。元坝地区大安寨段陆相页岩气富集高产的主控因素包含了沉积相带、岩相和裂缝发育程度,其中浅湖—半深湖暗色泥页岩是湖相页岩气富集高产的基础;浅湖—半深湖相富有机质泥页岩所夹的薄层(条带)灰岩或砂岩有利于后期的压裂改造;裂缝和"挡板"层控制了页岩油气的高产。     

Kyoto flexibility mechanisms in EU accession countries: will they make a difference?

What potential effect do flexible mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol have on energy efficiency, fuel switching and the development of renewable energy sources for the eight post-communist EU Member States that accessed in 2004? These countries are chief candidates for hosting Joint Implementation (JI) projects and for participating in international emission trading, which may assist the implementation and financing of projects in these target areas. The potentials and barriers to Joint Implementation are reviewed, as well as the conditions under which international emission trading can influence the energy use of the selling country. Different strategies adopted by the host countries towards the application of these instruments, and their impact on sustainable energy development, are examined. The article concludes that the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms may play a positive, but rather limited, role in the sustainable energy development of the region, but the barriers to Joint Implementation may shift the emphasis towards transactions under the framework of international emission trading. If innovative mechanisms are tied to sustainable development goals, this may mobilize the energyefficiency potentials of these countries. An attractive opportunity exists to achieve energy efficiency and emission reductions, utilizing the revenues from allowance sales through ‘green investment’ schemes.     

Ichnology and Depositional Environment of the Cambrian Nagaur Sandstone (Nagaur Group) Along the Dulmera Section,Bikaner-Nagaur Basin,Rajasthan

Abstract: The Lower Cambrian Nagaur Sandstone (Marwar Supergroup) has yielded trace fossils Treptichnus, Cruziana, serially repeated Rusophycus, Diplichnites, Monomorphichnus, Bergaueria, arthropod swimming traces and leap frogging marks of Cruziana ichnofacies. This ichnofossils assemblage is dominantly preserved in fine to medium grained red sandstone beds of the Mohra Member (Nagaur Sandstone). The presence of graded rip-up clasts, current ripples, dune cross-stratification with mud drapes and tidal bundles indicates a subtidal paleoenvironment for the deposition of Nagaur Sandstone Formation, which is corroborated by the Cruziana ichnofacies trace fossil assemblage.     

Stratigraphy,distribution and geochemistry of widespread felsic volcanic units in the Mesoproterozoic Gawler Range Volcanics,South Australia

Three widespread felsic volcanic units, the Eucarro Rhyolite, Pondanna Dacite Member and Moonaree Dacite Member, have been distinguished in the Mesoproterozoic Gawler Range Volcanics. These three units are the largest in the Gawler Range Volcanics, each in excess of 500 km³. Each unit is ～300 m thick and includes a black, formerly glassy base, a granophyric columnar‐jointed interior, and an amygdaloidal outer margin. The units are very gently dipping and locally separated by thin (<20 m) lenses of either ignimbrite (Mt Double Ignimbrite), tuffaceous sandstone or faults. The youngest unit, the Moonaree Dacite Member, covers a central area with a diameter greater than 80 km. The southern two units have east‐west extents in the order of 180 km, but are much less extensive from south to north (5–60 km). All three units are dominated by euhedral phenocrysts and are relatively crystal rich. Both the Eucarro Rhyolite and Moonaree Dacite Member contain clasts of basement granitoid and other lithologies and are locally heterogeneous in texture and composition. Some granitoid clasts have disintegrated, liberating feldspar and quartz crystals into the surrounding host. These liberated crystals cause textural variations, but can be identified on the basis of shape (amoeboid or skeletal) and/or size (megacrysts). Textural and lithofacies characteristics are consistent with the interpretation that these units are lavas; the strongly elongate distribution and wide extent of the Eucarro Rhyolite and Pondanna Dacite Member could indicate that vents were aligned along an extensive east‐west‐trending fissure system. Stratigraphic nomenclature has been revised to better reflect the presence of the three emplacement units. The oldest unit, the Eucarro Rhyolite, is dominated by plagioclase‐phyric rhyolite that locally includes granitoid clasts and megacrysts. Along the northern margin, the rhyolite is amygdaloidal and has mingled with a quartz‐rich rhyolite (Paney Rhyolite Member). The Eucarro Rhyolite and Paney Rhyolite Member replace the formerly defined ‘Eucarro Dacite’, ‘Nonning Rhyodacite’, ‘Yannabie Rhyodacite’ and ‘Paney Rhyolite’. The two younger units, Pondanna Dacite Member and Moonaree Dacite Member, are compositionally and spatially distinct, newly defined members of the Yardea Dacite.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长9段页岩气资源潜力评价

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长9段为长7段之外另一套富含页岩气层段,然而其资源潜力长期未被重视。通过黄探1井的钻探在长9段发现了高含气量的页岩层段,初步证实了其资源潜力。本文利用黄探1井钻探成果并结合大量邻区钻井资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部长9段泥页岩发育特点、有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化成熟度、岩矿特征、储层物性及含气性等方面开展研究,对其页岩气资源潜力进行了评价。总体认为:长9段沉积时期半深湖-深湖相发育,为油页岩形成提供了良好的沉积条件;长9段总有机碳(TOC)平均质量分数3.98%,有机质丰度高,以偏腐殖Ⅱ₂型混合有机质为主,处于高成熟演化阶段;页岩储层孔隙度与渗透率均较低,成岩矿物以石英和长石体积分数较高。鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组长9段页岩气平均含气量高达2.92 m³/t,是鄂尔多斯盆地下一步页岩气勘探开发的有利方向。     

东营凹陷永安镇油田沙二段三角洲相储层构型及剩余油分布

针对油田三角洲储层精细表征及剩余油挖潜,以东营凹陷永安镇油田沙二段三角洲储层为例,利用地震、测井、地质等资料,研究三角洲储层沉积旋回、层次界面等不同层次构型要素,界定和划分构型单元,建立三角洲储层构型模式,分析构型单元对剩余油分布的控制作用.结果表明:三角洲前缘水下分流河道发育是单一河口坝边界识别的重要标志;构型单元韵律变化是造成剩余油局部富集的重要因素,正韵律水下分流河道砂体中上部剩余油相对集中,反韵律河口坝砂体下部剩余油富集.该研究可以为老油田剩余油挖潜、提高油气采收率提供指导.     

东营凹陷民丰洼陷北带沙四下亚段深层天然气储层成岩作用

由于对东营凹陷民丰洼陷北带深层天然气储层成岩作用特征及其对储层的控制作用认识不清,给该地区天然气勘探带来了极大的风险。综合运用铸体薄片、扫描电镜观察、流体包裹体分析及岩心物性分析等多种技术方法,对东营凹陷民丰洼陷北带沙四下亚段深层天然气储层成岩作用特征及其对储层物性的影响进行了系统的研究。结果表明,该区北带沙四下亚段深层天然气储层为近岸水下扇砂砾岩,成岩作用具有强压实、欠压实、多期溶解、多期胶结、复杂交代和灰泥组分重结晶的特征。主要胶结-溶解作用序列为长石溶解/石英次生加大→碳酸盐胶结/石英溶解→碳酸盐胶结物溶解/石英次生加大→黄铁矿胶结/沥青充填。近岸水下扇不同亚相（微相）沉积特征的差异性导致了埋藏过程中成岩作用的差异性,并决定了储集物性的差异性。扇根砾岩在埋藏过程中成岩作用以压实作用和灰泥杂基重结晶作用为主,溶解作用微弱,物性持续降低。在中深层灰泥杂基的重结晶作用使扇根砾岩物性快速降低而形成致密层,扇根砾岩全部为干层。由于早期异常高压和早期油气充注对储层保护以及酸性溶解对储层改造的综合作用,扇中辫状水道远离泥岩、砂砾岩储层在中深层仍发育大量原生孔隙和少量的次生孔隙,储层物性较好,可作为良好的天然气储层。扇中辫状水道靠近泥岩层储层、扇中水道间以及扇缘部位因发生强烈胶结作用,在砂体顶底形成致密的胶结壳,可作为较好的盖层。     

川西拗陷须五段非常规气形成条件分析

随着对非常规气蔵的研究方法和开采手段的升级,使页岩气得以开发。川西拗陷须五段常规的思维是把它作为烃源岩来认识的,运用非常规页岩气的研究理念和方法,针对川西拗陷两条野外剖面(莲花剖面、万家坪剖面)及6口取心井(XYHF-1井,XYHF-2井,X503井,FG5井,GH2井,MY1井)的岩心观察、取样分析测试,以分析川西拗陷须五段具有形成非常规气蔵的条件,并用3种不同的表征方法(激光共聚焦法、高压压汞法、氮气吸附法)对须五段内不同类型的岩石进行孔隙度、渗透率及其连通性时行表征,结果表明:细砂岩中不同类型孔隙的孔隙度为0.41%～6.65%,平均总孔隙度为2.14%;泥(页)岩的孔隙度为1.51%～5.99%,总孔隙度为2.70%。微米CT扫描发现须五段上亚段细砂岩的连通性好于下亚段,中亚段以粉砂岩为主,孔隙连通性差,有机质含量低;泥(页)岩的孔隙连通性也差,孔隙发育依附于有机质的发育,泥(页)岩样品的有机碳含量主要分布在0.5%～3%之间。综合评价认为马井-邡、崇州-郫县、新场-丰谷等地区成蔵条件较好,为I类地区,是川西坳陷须五段页岩气的目标区域。