东昆仑造山带早古生代的大陆碰撞:来自榴辉岩原岩性质的证据

东昆仑东段温泉榴辉岩呈透镜状分布在片麻岩中,榴辉岩的SiO_2含量为47%~59%,Mg#指数为0.45~0.51,表明其原岩为分异程度较高的中-基性岩石,稀土元素显示为轻稀土富集型((La/Sm)N比值为1.42~1.72)和轻稀土亏损型((La/Sm)N比值为0.82~0.88),Eu轻微负异常(δEu=0.85~0.95),榴辉岩的εNd(t)值为+0.51~+6.17(原岩年龄t=934Ma)。榴辉岩原岩锆石与陆壳辉长岩锆石的U-Yb-Hf值类似,且具有正的εHf(t)值(+8~+10),这些特征类似于大陆拉斑玄武质岩,岩浆来自亏损地幔,遭受了地壳物质的混染及较高程度的结晶分异,表明榴辉岩原岩形成于大陆边缘环境。因此,该榴辉岩代表了俯冲的陆壳,进一步证明了东昆仑早古生代发生过陆-陆碰撞造山作用。     

Petrogenesis of UHP metamorphic rocks from Qinglongshan, southern Sulu, east-central China

Five kinds of UHP metamorphic rocks, including eclogite, orthogneiss, paragneiss, schist and quartzite are exposed in the Qinglongshan roadcut, southern Sulu orogenic belt of eastern central China. They comprise metamorphic supracrustal rocks with bimodal volcanic characteristics and continental affinity, and granitic intrusive associations. The preservation of coesite inclusions and/or its pseudomorphs in eclogite and other rocks indicate that they have been subjected to in-situ UHP metamorphism. Four stages of metamorphism were recognized by combining petrographic observations and compositions of minerals from various UHP rocks. Prograde epidote-amphibolite facies, UHP coesite–eclogite facies, post UHP quartz–eclogite facies, and retrograde amphibolite facies assemblages delineate an inferred P–T path with a clockwise trajectory and a retrograde event characterized by the coupling of decompression with a temperature decrease. Garnet porphyroblasts in UHP eclogites display a complex growth zoning and mineral distribution, and record a crucial segment of the prograde and retrograde metamorphic evolution. The preservation of growth zoning in eclogitic and gneissic garnets suggests that the UHP rocks had a short residence time before retrograde metamorphism and a very high uplift rate in order to preserve the prograde growth zoning.     

西大别造山带红安高压榴辉岩的变质演化：岩相学与Na2O-CaO-K2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-O(Fe 2O3)体系中相平衡关系

西大别造山带红安高压榴辉岩主要矿物为石榴石、绿辉石、冻蓝闪石、石英和绿帘石,有时可见蓝闪石、多硅白云母和钠云母。石榴石具有生长环带且边缘成分变化大,可分为代表峰期的Ⅰ型边（X_Mg高、Grs低）和受退变质改造的Ⅱ型边（X_Mg低、Grs高）。石榴石内蓝闪石包体发育冻蓝闪石退变边,说明包体不能完全反映进变质条件。基质绿辉石比包体绿辉石Jd含量低,在一个晶体内成分有明显变化和沿解理缝发育冻蓝闪石,显示峰后绿辉石有成分变化和退变质改造。基质中冻蓝闪石晶体较大,核部见有蓝闪石残留,说明二者有成因联系。冻蓝闪石和绿辉石都发育后成合晶结构,石榴石有韭闪石的反应冠状体。在THERMOCALC程序计算的P-T视剖面图中,石榴石Ⅰ型边反映的峰期P-T条件为2.4~2.6GPa、570~585℃,和基质中多硅白云母Si含量等值线限定范围一致,对应硬柱石蓝闪石榴辉岩组合。石榴石Ⅱ型边P-T范围为1.9~2.4GPa、530~570℃,低于峰期条件。在可能的峰后降压过程中,岩石先后主要经历了硬柱石脱水生成绿帘石和蓝闪石、绿辉石退变为冻蓝闪石的反应阶段。绿辉石、冻蓝闪石发育的后成合晶说明晚期退变过程缺乏流体,石榴石的韭闪石冠状体也可能在该阶段产生,都受局部成分域控制。红安高压榴辉岩中各矿物与成分代表不同变质阶段,称其为冻蓝闪石榴辉岩只是对现有主要组成矿物的描述,不是基于共生关系的严格岩石学命名。     

苏鲁榴辉岩在俯冲峰期-折返早期的递进塑性变形过程及对超高压变质岩石折返动力学的启示

榴辉岩的变形特征严重影响俯冲板片的流变学行为,而石榴石的变形机制又直接制约着榴辉岩的变形属性。本文在结合前人研究的基础上,通过对中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）主孔榴辉岩中石榴子石的典型变形特征的详细对比和分析,进一步证明了榴辉岩在俯冲峰期条件下可以发生强烈的塑性变形。且俯冲峰期-折返早期经历了从以恢复作用主导的位错蠕变,到动态重结晶、扩散蠕变,再到静态重结晶和矿物生长的连续递进变形过程。其中,从动态重结晶到高温静态重结晶的转换,结合短时增温、局部熔融等证据,共同证明了在苏鲁超高压变质岩石折返过程中存在一个短暂的低应力“热”区间,在此前后,折返机制和驱动力发生了转变,由浮力作用下的快速折返转为以挤压透入性剪应力作用下的缓慢抬升阶段。     

Laboratory measurement of P-wave velocity in crustal and upper mantle xenoliths from Ichino-megata, NE Japan: ultrabasic hydrous lower crust beneath the NE Honshu arc

Ultrasonic laboratory measurements of P-wave velocity (Vp) were carried out up to 1.0 GPa in a temperature range of 25–400 °C for crustal and mantle xenoliths of Ichino-megata, northeast Japan. The rocks used in the present study cover a nearly entire range of lithological variation of the Ichino-megata xenoliths and are considered as representative rock samples of the lower crust and upper mantle of the back arc side of the northeast (NE) Honshu arc. The Vp values measured at 25 °C and 1.0 GPa are 6.7–7.2 km/s for the hornblende gabbros (38.6–46.9 wt.% SiO₂), 7.2 km/s for the hornblende-pyroxene gabbro (43.8 wt.% SiO₂), 6.9–7.3 km/s for the amphibolites (36.1–44.3 wt.% SiO₂), 8.0–8.1 km/s for the spinel lherzolites (46.2–47.2 wt.% SiO₂) and 6.30 km/s for the biotite granite (72.1 wt.% SiO₂). Combining the present data with the Vp profile of the NE Honshu arc [Iwasaki, T., Kato, W., Moriya, T., Hasemi, A., Umino, N., Okada, T., Miyashita, K., Mizogami, T., Takeda, T., Sekine, S., Matsushima, T., Tashiro, K., Miyamachi, H. 2001. Extensional structure in northern Honshu Arc as inferred from seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profiling. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (12), 2329–2332], we infer that the 15 km thick lower crust of the NE Honshu arc is composed of amphibolite and/or hornblende (±pyroxene) gabbro with ultrabasic composition. The present study suggests that the Vp range of the lower crustal layer (6.6–7.0 km/s) in the NE Honshu arc, which is significantly lower than that obtained from various seismic measurements (e.g. the northern Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc: 7.1–7.3 km/s), is due to the thick hydrous lower crustal layer where hornblende, plagioclase and magnetite are dominant.     

Geochemistry of eclogites from the Dabie–Sulu terrane, eastern China: New insights into protoliths and trace element behaviour during UHP metamorphism

The major and trace element compositions of nine eclogites from the Dabie–Sulu ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane in eastern China were determined for both whole rock and the main constituent minerals, garnet and clinopyroxene. The results indicate that the eclogite protoliths originated from a basaltic magma, which formed in a continental setting as shown by isotopic and immobile element data. Based on the garnet REE characteristics, the eclogites can be roughly divided into two groups. Group 1 has LREE enrichment with no Eu anomaly for whole rock, and smooth LREE depletion but HREE enrichment pattern for garnet, whereas group 2 shows a depletion of LREE with a pronounced positive Eu anomaly and flat HREE pattern for both whole rock and garnet. From these features, we suggest that the protoliths for group 2 are Fe–Ti–gabbros with relatively high cumulus plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxide, whereas the group 1 eclogites are probably from basalts. Therefore, the unusual garnet REE pattern observed in group 2 can be considered as an important signature for identifying gabbro protoliths for eclogites. The identification of gabbro protoliths from the eclogites in the Dabie–Sulu terrane provides evidence for Neoproterozoic rift magmatism in the northern margin of the Yangtze craton. During ultrahigh pressure metamorphism in the Dabie–Sulu terrane, LILEs (including Ba, Rb, Th, U, K) had high mobility, but REEs and HFSEs were immobile, and trace element distribution equilibrium was approached between garnet and clinopyroxene. An estimate of mass balance indicates that garnet and clinopyroxene host the majority of HREEs and Y, and clinopyroxene is a significant host for Sr, but minor and accessory minerals predominantly account for LREEs, Th, U, and Zr.     

羌塘北缘上新世恒梁湖火山岩内含石榴子石长英质捕虏体岩石学与矿物化学特征

本文以羌塘地体北缘出露面积最大的上新世恒梁湖火山岩为研究对象，对火山岩内含石榴子石长英质捕掳体的岩相学、显微结构及矿物化学综合研究，揭示出此类捕掳体系深部地壳超高温部分熔融残余，其中石榴子石以高Mg#值(41~46)为特征。传统地质压力计估算其发生部分熔融的压力为1. 18~1. 53 GPa，对应深度约39~50 km，火山岩与捕掳体相互作用的温压条件为950~1050 ℃，1. 30~1. 66 GPa，对应深度约43~55 km。火山岩熔体快速上升冷却过程中，熔体沿捕掳体裂隙或边缘与石榴子石发生反应形成斜方辉石和斜长石，而火山岩基质内辉石及长石表现出强烈的成分环带。此研究结果首次揭示了北羌塘北缘中 深地壳岩石部分熔融所产生的熔体及其岩相学和矿物化学特征，亦为此区域地壳深部面波低速异常及强各向异性提供了深部岩石学方面的限定。     

俄罗斯阿尔丹地块南部辉长-斜长岩杂岩体的构造-物质组分特点及其演化

Ｋａｌａｒｓｋｙ岩体是沿阿尔丹南部边缘分布的规模巨大的ＤｊｕｇｄｊｕｒＫａｌａｒｓｋｙ辉长－斜长岩岩带的一部分。本文研究了代表典型地球早期（前寒武纪）发展史、在行星水准上发育的这个特殊杂岩体的构造－物质组分、形成的阶段性及其继后构造演化。辉长－斜长岩杂岩体产于前寒武纪克拉通化地块交接处及其褶皱的流动性较高的框架中。该杂岩体由两个岩浆岩共生组合组成：硅铝质（斜长岩及辉长－斜长岩）及镁铁质（基性－超基性岩）。体积上前者明显小于后者。这两个岩石共生组合的锶同位素比值都特别低,说明其原始岩浆的地幔属性,是在一个相对宁静的背景中在早期分异出来的产物。辉长－斜长岩杂岩体的演化明显分３个阶段：早期是圈闭结晶岩并将其极度加热的阶段,是庞大的具对称构造的地块的形成阶段;中期是地块的最终固结阶段,在此期间发生了褶皱变形,是高压变质作用的初期阶段;晚期是发生刚性变形,形成辉长－斜长杂岩岩体的岩浆岩岩墙群、链状构造及雁行构造,并发生最大高压变质作用的阶段。文中对与辉长－斜长岩杂岩体共生的似榴辉岩也进行了探讨。     

苏北东海青龙山变斑状榴辉岩的变质演化

青龙山部分榴辉岩以含绿帘石、蓝晶石和滑石变斑晶为特征,但是其峰变质矿物组合由基质中细粒的石榴石+绿辉石+多硅白云母+柯石英+金红石+绿帘石构成,它们定向分布形成片理构造。相图中石榴石组成等值线温压计确定的峰变质组合为:石榴石+绿辉石+多硅白云母+蓝晶石+金红石+柯石英+硬柱石+滑石,与岩相学观察结果不符。这可能是超高压变质流体显著偏离计算相图假设的流体相为纯水所致。无定向的变斑晶切割片理,晚于峰变质组合结晶于弱剪切应力的环境。岩相学观察和相图模拟结果显示,变斑晶的形成顺序为蓝晶石-绿帘石-滑石。绿帘石在<2GPa大量生长形成变斑晶,它包含柯石英并不一定说明二者平衡共生,更可能是温压快速下降后峰变质组合被绿帘石变斑晶包含。由矿物组合限定的青龙山变斑状榴辉岩P-T路径为典型的"发卡式"。含水矿物出现于岩石的各个变质组合,并且沿退变质P-T路径陆续结晶数量增多,表明在退变质过程中不断有流体渗入岩石。     

五大连池和宽甸地幔包体的惰性气体同位素特征——MORB型地幔和交代型地幔

黑龙江五大连池科洛和辽宁宽甸的碱性玄武岩中地幔包体的惰性气体同位素的地球化学特征研究表明,东北地区表现了地幔的不均匀性。五大连池地区的地幔包体中的^3He／^4He比为4．5～5．3RA,明显低于MORB的值,具有被交代的大陆富集地幔特征。氩同位素^40Ar/^36Ar比的变化在557～4005。结合玄武岩和地幔包体的矿物学特征和微量元素地球化学特征,显示五大连池地区的岩浆源区可能遭受过来自壳源物质或和古俯冲事件有关的富H2O—CO2流体的交代作用。辽宁宽甸黄椅山的样品^3He／^4He比为7．30～7.52RA,氩同位素^40Ar/^36Ar比的范围在1496～7677。宽甸黄椅山地区的则显示了具亏损地幔MORB的特点,反映了未经地壳组分改造的大陆地幔的特征。本文通过对两种不同类型的地幔岩的研究,认为东北地区大陆地幔存在MORB型亏损地幔和交代型地幔两种类型,反映了各自不同的演化机理。