地震应急通系统在尼泊尔8.1级地震应急中的应用

分析传统地震现场应急工作中存在的缺点和不足,介绍地震应急通系统的组成、架构设计和主要功能特点。对地震应急通系统在尼泊尔8.1级地震应急工作中的应用进行简单描述,并结合新技术和新思路,对地震应急通系统下一步的发展方向进行探讨和展望。实践证明,地震应急通系统帮助地震部门建立了一套功能全面、反应灵敏、运转高效的地震应急指挥体系,提高了地震部门应对地震事件的能力,具有较高的推广价值。     

藏东类乌齐地区古近纪钾质火山岩的发现及特征

古近纪业阿供组火山岩分布于西藏东部类乌齐镇业阿供村,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为30.54±0.8Ma,岩石具有高碱、低Ti的特征,在SiO2-K2O图解中位于钾质岩区,属于碱性钾质岩。岩石地球化学特征表明,业阿供组钾质火山岩很可能源于古俯冲流体交代的富集地幔源区经过部分熔融作用,形成于碰撞后的板内构造环境。     

北喜马拉雅恰芒巴二云母花岗岩的年龄及形成机制

恰芒巴二云母花岗岩体位于特提斯喜马拉雅的西部, 岩石发育片麻状构造, 主要矿物组成为石英、钾长石、白云母和黑云母。LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb定年显示, 锆石年龄分布范围为35.1~17.3 Ma, 暗示较长时间的深熔作用过程, 其中最年轻的年龄(18.1±0.4 Ma)代表了花岗岩的最终结晶年龄。地球化学分析表明, 岩石具有高的SiO₂(73.06%~73.79%)、Al₂O₃(14.73%~15.06%)和CaO(1.18%~1.24%)含量, 以及高的K₂O/Na₂O值(1.16~1.25)和A/CNK值(1.16~1.20), 属于高钾钙碱性过铝质花岗岩。岩石强烈富集Rb、Th、U和K, 而亏损Ba、Nb、Sr和Zr, 轻重稀土分馏较强(La/Yb)_N=9.98~11.35, 并显示较弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.70~0.74)。(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i和ε_Nd(t)值分别为0.742 298~0.743 092和-14.1~-14.0, 可与大喜马拉雅结晶杂岩(GHC)中变质沉积岩对比, 推测源岩为GHC变质沉积岩或与之成分相当的岩石。岩石(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值较低而Sr浓度较高, 随着Ba浓度的增加, Rb/Sr值基本不变, 与水致白云母部分熔融的趋势一致, 推测恰芒巴二云母花岗岩可能是水致白云母部分熔融的产物, 部分熔融作用可能与藏南拆离系的活动密切相关。     

Deconvolving the pre-Himalayan Indian margin-Tales of crustal growth and destruction

The metamorphic core of the Himalaya is composed of Indian cratonic rocks with two distinct crustal affinities that are defined by radiogenic isotopic geochemistry and detrital zircon age spectra. One is derived predominantly from the Paleoproterozoic and Archean rocks of the Indian cratonic interior and is either represented as metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence(LHS) or as slices of the distal cratonic margin. The other is the Greater Himalayan Sequence(GHS) whose provenance is less clear and has an enigmatic affinity. Here we present new detrital zircon Hf analyses from LHS and GHS samples spanning over 1000 km along the orogen that respectively show a striking similarity in age spectra and Hf isotope ratios. Within the GHS, the zircon age populations at 2800-2500 Ma,1800 Ma, 1000 Ma and 500 Ma can be ascribed to various Gondwanan source regions; however, a pervasive and dominant Tonianage population(～860-800 Ma) with a variably enriched radiogenic Hf isotope signature(eHf = 10 to-20) has not been identified from Gondwana or peripheral accreted terranes. We suggest this detrital zircon age population was derived from a crustal province that was subsequently removed by tectonic erosion. Substantial geologic evidence exists from previous studies across the Himalaya supporting the Cambro-Ordovician Kurgiakh Orogeny. We propose the tectonic removal of Tonian lithosphere occurred prior to or during this Cambro-Ordovician episode of orogenesis in a similar scenario as is seen in the modern Andean and Indonesian orogenies, wherein tectonic processes have removed significant portions of the continental lithosphere in a relatively short amount of time. This model described herein of the pre-Himalayan northern margin of Greater India highlights the paucity of the geologic record associated with the growth of continental crust. Although the continental crust is the archive of Earth history, it is vital to recognize the ways in which preservation bias and destruction of continental crust informs geologic models.     

延边地区东部火山-岩浆活动特点及矿化特征

延边地区东部汪清—杜荒子中生代陆相火山断陷盆地是处于吉黑褶皱系延边优地槽褶皱带延边复向斜内。区内中生代以来不同方向的断裂发育,火山活动强烈,岩浆侵入频繁。与中生代火山—岩浆活动有成因联系的多个金、铜多金属矿床和多见的矿化蚀变线索构成了知名度很高的五风—小西南岔近东西向火山—岩浆期后低温热液型金、铜多金属成矿带。     

柴北缘东段奥陶纪埃达克岩-富Nb玄武岩:对大陆深俯冲之前大洋俯冲及地壳增生的启示

在柴北缘东段识别出早古生代埃达克岩-富Nb玄武岩的火山岩组合。埃达克岩富Na₂O、贫K₂O,K₂O/Na₂O比值介于0.14~0.43之间;高Sr（614×10^-6~1043×10^-6）,但亏损Y（3.26×10^-6~14.1×10^-6）和Yb（0.33×10^-6~1.46×10^-6）,具有高的Sr/Y比值（44~282）;富集Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素及Cr、Ni、Co、V等相容元素。富Nb玄武岩富Na₂O、贫K₂O、高TiO₂,其Nb含量较高,介于16.9×10^-6~17.9×10^-6之间,具有高的Nb/Ta、Nb/U、（Nb/La）_N比值,同时富集高场强元素。埃达克岩锆石U-Pb定年得到453±4Ma和457±4Ma的结晶年龄。锆石ε_Hf（t）范围较大,介于3.40~13.23之间,对应的二阶段模式年龄t_DM2介于1059~566Ma之间,显示以新生物质为主的特征。综合研究表明柴北缘东段埃达克岩可能为岛弧环境下俯冲的南祁连大洋板片部分熔融的产物。板片来源的埃达克质熔体交代或与上覆地幔楔橄榄岩反应,导致被交代的地幔橄榄岩部分熔融而形成富Nb玄武质岩浆。柴北缘东段埃达克岩-富Nb玄武岩火山岩组合的厘定表明南祁连洋可能直到~455Ma之前并未完全闭合,同时表明俯冲大洋板片的部分熔融可能是柴北缘早古生代地壳增生的一种重要方式。     

Glacier Relics of the Last Glacial and Holocene Periods Discovered in the Middle‐low Mountains of Eastern China: Sedimentary Sequences and Environmental Evolution of Mengshan Mountain in Shandong Province since 80 ka

The goal of this research study is to describe academic issues which have been debated in the field of Chinese geosciences for a century. In 1922, Jonquei S. Lee(Li Siguang) discovered Quaternary glacial relics at Taihang Mountainin eastern China. In 1947, he published his research findings in the magazine Mount Lushan in Glacial Age. The research results had established three Ice Ages: Poyang(Gonzi), Dagu(Minde), and Lushan(Lisi). However, at that time, no Wurm glacial relics of the last Ice Age had been found in Lushan Mountain. Since then, the research team represented by Shi Yafeng, who is considered to be "the father of glaciers in China", questioned Jonquei S. Lee's research results and concluded that "Professor Jonquei S. Lee's Quaternary glacier research in Lushan Mountain having misread the debris flow". In 2005, the "middle-low mountains" in eastern China were finally defined as follows: "We clearly and unambiguously believe that there were no glacial activities in the middle-low mountainous areas of eastern China(east of 102° to 104°E; below 3,000 and 2,500 m) during the Quaternary Period". Currently, the long-standing academic debate appears to have come to a conclusion. As of 2015, the author and others began to investigate and study the Quaternary glacial relics in Mengshan Mountain(1,156 m above sea level), Shandong Province, one of the "middle-low mountains" of eastern China. The relics have been observed to posses the systematic features of glacial erosion, trough and valley striations, and moraine deposits. The applied dating method shave confirmed that there were not only glacial relics of the last Ice Age(Wurm), but also Holocene glacial relics in the Mengshan Mountain area. Therefore, in order to further establish the corresponding relationship between the glacier, loess, stream sediment series, and MIS in the Mengshan Mountain area, a large number of chronological studies have been carried out regarding the various types of sediments in the area, and 24 dating datahave been obtained using OSL, CRN, and 14 Cmethods.On this basis, the corresponding relationship between the sedimentary sequences and the MIS was established for the first time in eastern China, which in dicates the environmental changes which had occurred in eastern China since 80 ka. These discoveries s and chronological study results confirm the existence of the Last Ice Age, as well as Holocene glacial relics at Mengshan Mountain, there by confirming that Quaternary glaciation had occurred in the middle-low mountain areas of eastern China.     

藏东贡觉—白玉地区金沙江构造混杂岩带物质组成的厘定

金沙江构造混杂岩带保存了大量与古特提斯洋的形成与扩张、洋-陆俯冲、洋盆闭合和陆-陆碰撞等地质过程相关的变形、变质和岩浆作用的重要信息,是研究碰撞造山作用和板块构造的重要视窗。本文主要基于对藏东贡觉—白玉地区开展的1∶5万区域地质调查工作,结合室内薄片鉴定、岩石地球化学分析和年代学测试等结果,对金沙江构造混杂岩带的物质组成和构造变形特征进行了精细厘定。藏东贡觉—白玉地区金沙江构造混杂岩带主要由一系列规模不等、岩性不一和变形程度不同的构造岩块及强变形的基质组成;各岩块之间由诸多近平行于构造带走向的韧性-脆韧性断层呈网结状连接,表现出局部有序、整体无序的构造混杂岩特征。构造岩块主要包括：超基性岩-基性岩、大理岩、大理岩+变质基性岩、榴闪岩或榴辉岩、变质硅-灰-泥质岩等。基质物质主要包括含石榴子石片岩和不含石榴子石片岩两类。岩石地球化学分析数据揭示出基性岩岩块原岩具有富集型洋中脊或正常型洋中脊基性岩(E-MORB、N-MORB)的特征;洋岛-海山岩块中的变质基性火山岩具有洋岛玄武岩特征(OIB);榴辉岩的原岩具有洋岛型玄武岩(OIB)或正常型洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)特征。结合前人研究成果,可以精细划分出金沙江古特提斯构造带经历了裂(陷)谷盆地(D)、洋盆扩张(C₁—P₁)、洋壳俯冲消减(P₂—P₃)和弧陆碰撞造山(T₁—T₂)、上叠火山裂谷盆地阶段(T₂²—T₃¹)5个主要演化阶段。     

华北板块北缘东段中三叠世构造演化——来自辽宁法库地区侵入岩的证据

本文对华北板块北缘东段辽宁北部法库地区中三叠世风歧堡岩体和靠陵沟岩体进行了岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及Lu-Hf同位素研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,风歧堡岩体和靠陵沟岩体加权平均年龄分别为（241±1） Ma和（243±1） Ma,侵位时代为中三叠世。风歧堡岩体的Ba和Sr质量分数分别为（290.00×10^-6~484.00×10^-6）和（129.00×10^-6~338.00×10^-6）,Sr/Y值为13.27~28.17,Sr/Yb值为117.50~250.28;靠陵沟岩体具有较高的Ba质量分数（899.00×10^-6~1 300.00×10^-6）和Sr质量分数（772.00×10^-6~997.00×10^-6）,以及较高的Sr/Y值（67.47~78.21）和Sr/Yb值（661.81~781.32）,Y、Rb和Yb质量分数较低,分别为11.00×10^-6~14.70×10^-6、55.80×10^-6~78.40×10^-6、1.17×10^-6~1.39×10^-6,地球化学特征上具有高Ba-Sr花岗岩的特征。此外,凤歧堡岩体样品富集大离子亲石元素Rb和K,亏损高场强元素Nb、P、Ti和大离子亲石元素Ba;靠陵沟岩体样品富集大离子亲石元素Ba、K、Sr,亏损高场强元素Nb、P、Ti。凤歧堡和靠陵沟岩体样品Nb/Ta值（4.18~10.26）和Zr/Hf值（30.39~38.76）与地壳平均值相近,Ni、Co和Cr质量分数较低;岩石地球化学特征表明法库地区中三叠世花岗质岩浆源岩为壳源岩石。中三叠世—晚三叠世早期,华北板块北缘东段处于造山地壳加厚阶段。研究区中三叠世花岗岩的ε_Hf（t）值均为正值,亏损地幔二阶段模式年龄（T_DM2）为949~555 Ma,结合岩石地球化学特征,中三叠世花岗质岩浆源岩为造山地壳加厚过程中新元古代新生下地壳部分熔融的产物。     

青藏高原东缘龙门山晚新生代走滑挤压作用的沉积响应

成都盆地位于青藏高原东缘,夹于龙门山与龙泉山之间,盆地的长轴方向平行于龙门山,呈现为北东—南西向展布的线性盆地。盆地中充填了3.6Ma以来的半固结—松散堆积物,最大厚度为541 m,在垂向上由下部的大邑砾岩、中部的雅安砾石层和上部的上更新统至全新统砾石层组成,其与下覆地层均为不整合接触,显示该盆地是一个单独的成盆期,并非是在中生代前陆盆地基础上形成的继承性盆地。在垂直于龙门山造山带方向上,成都盆地具不对称的楔形结构,沉积基底面整体向西呈阶梯状倾斜,盆地中充填的碎屑物质均来源于盆地西侧的龙门山,具横向水系和单向充填的特征;而且盆地的沉降中心具有逐渐向远离造山带方向迁移的特征,显示盆地的挤压方向垂直于龙门山主断裂,造成了成都盆地在垂直于造山带方向上的构造缩短。在平行于龙门山造山带方向上,成都盆地具有一系列的北东向延伸的次级凸起和凹陷,凹陷和凸起相间分布,且在空间上呈斜列形式展布于盆地的底部,其中次级凹陷（沉降中心）和冲积扇具有向平行龙门山造山带方向迁移的特征,表明成都盆地西缘的龙门山断裂具有右旋走滑的特征。鉴于以上特征,认为成都盆地是在龙门山造山带晚新生代走滑与逆冲的联合作用下形成的走滑挤压盆地。