The great 1950 Assam Earthquake revisited: Field evidences of liquefaction and search for paleoseismic events

Extensive field investigations were carried out for the first time in the meizoseismal area of the great 1950 Assam Earthquake aimed at exploring the paleoseismic history of the NE Indian region through documentation of liquefaction features and radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating. Trenching at more than a dozen locations along the Burhi Dihing River valley and within the alluvial fans adjoining the Brahmaputra and Dibang Rivers resulted in the identification of more than a dozen very prominent liquefaction features (sand dykes, sills, sand blows etc.) as evidences of large to great earthquakes. ¹⁴C dating of the organic material associated with some of the features indicates a paleoseismic record of about 500 yrs archived by the sediments in this region. Compelling geological evidence(s) of the great 1950 earthquake are well constrained by ¹⁴C dating. Out of the two historically reported seismic events (1548 AD and 1697 AD) from this region, ¹⁴C dating could constrain the 1548 AD event though not distinctly. Further studies using combined ¹⁴C and OSL dating may better constrain the seismo-chronology of the study region.     

对2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震前断层带红外增温异常的讨论

利用NOAA卫星热红外遥感图像对东昆仑断裂带进行解译分析 ,并结合红外亮温的数值化处理 ,对比研究了地震活动比较平静的 1 999年和 2 0 0 1年昆仑山 8 1级地震前后的资料。结果表明 ,季节性的气象因素对断裂带的影响很大。在初冬季节 ,断裂带内的红外亮温值等于甚至高于周围环境温度。同时对比分析东昆仑断裂与阿尔金断裂的亮度温度也发现 ,在秋冬季的季节过渡期 ,气象因素对不同地物热惯量的影响很大。因此认为 ,前人提出的 2 0 0 1年 1 1月 1 4日发生在东昆仑断裂带上的 8 1级地震的震前红外辐射的增温异常 ,其中包含了随季节变化的自然现象 ,与地震有关的异常信息还有待于进一步探讨     

1982～2006年中国东部植被覆盖度的变化

陆地植被是影响地表水热通量,乃至气候的重要因素,植被覆盖度是气候模式（陆面过程模型）中的关键参数。为更全面认识中国东部植被覆盖度变化的时空特征,以便于今后研究陆地植被变化对气候的反馈效应,利用NOAA AVHRR-NDVI数据集,采用像元二分模型法,计算了中国东部（105°E以东）1982～2006年的植被覆盖度,并对其空间分布特征与时间演变过程进行了分析。结果表明：（1）研究区多年平均植被覆盖度为0～84.2%,呈现南高北低、东高西低的空间分布特征,南北差异在冬季最大,夏季最小;（2）森林、灌丛、农业植被和草原的年平均植被覆盖度依次减小,分别是49.9%、44.7%、40.4%和31.1%,并且植被覆盖度的季节变幅也依植被类型而异,其中森林的季节变幅最大,达31.5%,其次是灌丛,为27.7%,草原的季节变幅最小,为15.3%;（3）1982～2006年中国东部超过74%的地区植被覆盖度呈增加趋势,其中黄淮海平原、关中地区以及东北平原增幅相对较大,前两个地区主要表现为春季和冬季增加,后一地区则主要表现为夏季和秋季增加;在植被覆盖度降低的区域中,长三角、珠三角的降低趋势最强。上述结论为进一步研究中国东部地-气相互作用提供了科学基础。     

羌塘盆地东部晚三叠世-侏罗纪构造-沉积演化

本文以野外实测剖面为基础,结合区域地质调查,通过地层学、岩石组合特征及沉积盆地分析,并综合区域构造演化背景及年代地层学等最新研究成果,对羌塘盆地东部上三叠统-侏罗系岩石组合、沉积类型和沉积相特征进行了对比研究,明确了羌塘盆地东部晚三叠世-侏罗纪的地层分布特征、沉积相类型、展布特征及构造-沉积演化过程。以区域性角度不整合为标志,将羌塘盆地东部上三叠统-侏罗系划分为2个构造层(卡尼阶-诺利阶构造层和瑞替阶-基默里阶构造层),并详细叙述了不同构造层内各地层的分布范围、厚度变化及岩性特征。研究区上三叠统-侏罗系以海陆过渡相和海相沉积为主,其中海陆过渡相包括三角洲相和潮坪-泻湖相,海相包括碳酸盐缓坡、蒸发台地、局限台地、滨海、浅海、半深海和深海相沉积。卡尼期主要发育滨海-浅海-半深海-深海相沉积(北羌塘坳陷)和滨浅海沉积(南羌塘坳陷)。诺利期早期以碳酸盐岩缓坡-混积陆棚沉积为主,诺利期晚期、赫塘期-巴柔期、卡洛期和基默里期主要发育潮坪-三角洲相沉积(北羌塘坳陷)和滨浅海沉积(南羌塘坳陷),巴通期和牛津期以蒸发台地-局限台地-混积陆棚沉积为主。沉积相东西向带状展布,东部低隆起是分割南北相带的重要构造单元,并在巴通期及牛津期为水下隆起,控制着羌塘东部局限台地、蒸发台地及台地边缘的分布。将区域构造背景与沉积记录相结合,总结出5个构造-沉积演化阶段:活动陆缘阶段(卡尼期,Ⅰ_1)、前陆盆地演化阶段(诺利期,Ⅰ_2)、裂陷-坳陷阶段(瑞替期-巴柔期,Ⅱ_1)、被动陆缘-坳陷阶段(巴通期-卡洛期,Ⅱ_2)和被动陆缘-坳陷阶段(牛津期-基默里期,Ⅱ_3)。     

东天山成矿带中段化探普查工作方法与找矿效果

在研究区开展的1∶5万化探工作统一采用土壤测量,采样粒级-4～+20目,能很好反映采样单元内的地质背景特征,多点组合的采样方法提高了样品的代表性。在取得可靠化探数据的基础上,采用元素含量与规模(面积大小)两个约束条件,圈定了一批有找矿前景的异常。通过开展异常查证,取得了良好的找矿效果,开拓了研究区的找矿空间。     

北喜马拉雅错那洞穹隆铍铷稀有金属矿床地质特征 及找矿方向

错那洞穹隆是北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹隆带(NHGD)中发现的新成员,穹隆由核-幔-边3部分组成。核部由寒武纪花岗质片麻岩组成,幔部由早古生代云母片岩和矽卡岩化大理岩组成,边部由变质沉积岩组成。在穹隆核部侵入有大量淡色花岗岩和伟晶岩脉。通过系统的地表工程控制,在穹隆幔部中新发现了环穹隆展布、层位稳定的矽卡岩带和厚大的铍铷稀有金属工业矿体。通过对错那洞穹隆东部矿带典型矿区的解剖,初步把矿床的类型定为热液型稀有金属矿床,在碳酸盐赋矿层位中形成富铍、铷、钨、锡的矽卡岩型矿床。铍铷稀有金属矿具超大型的资源潜力,钨锡也达大型规模。错那洞铍铷稀有金属矿主要的矿床类型为矽卡岩型。此外,还有伟晶岩型稀有金属矿、锡石硫化物型锡多金属矿。文章研究矿体特征和总结矿床类型,提出了下一步的找矿方向。     

The nature of gold-bearing fluids in Atud gold deposit,Central Eastern Desert,Egypt

Electron microprobe analyses of gold and associated ore minerals as well as stable isotope analyses of sulphide and carbonate minerals were performed in order to determine the metal and fluid sources and temperature of the mineralizing systems to better understand the genesis of the Atud gold deposit hosted in the metagabbro–diorite complex of Gabal Atud (Central Eastern Desert, Egypt). The gold can be classified as electrum (63.6–74.3 wt.% Au and 24.6–26.6 wt.% Ag) and is associated with arsenopyrite and As-bearing pyrite in the main mineralization (gold-sulphides) phase within the main mineralized quartz veins and altered host rocks. Based on the arsenopyrite geothermometer, As-contents (29.3–32.7 atom%) in arsenopyrite point to deposition in the Log ?_S2 and T ranges of ?10.5 to ?5.5 and 305–450°C, respectively, during the main mineralizing phase. Based on the δ³⁴S isotopic compositions of the sulphides, they are originated from magmatic fluids in which the sulphur is either sourced directly from magma or remobilized from the magmatic rocks (gabbroic rocks). On the other hand, calcite formed from fluids having mainly magmatic mixed with variable metamorphic signatures based on its δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values. This work concluded that the gold-bearing ores at Atud deposit have magmatic sources leaching from the country intrusive rocks during water/rock interactions then remobilized during a metamorphic event. Therefore, the Atud gold deposit is classified as an intrusion-related gold deposit, in which the gabbro–diorite host intrusion acted as the source of metals which were mobilized and deposited as a result of the effects of NW–SE shearing.     

A late Neoarchaean–early Palaeoproterozoic crustal thickening event in the eastern North China Craton: petrological and geochronological evidence from Eastern Hebei terrane

Determining an age framework for Precambrian crystalline rocks and associated granulite-facies metamorphism of the inner blocks in the North China Craton (NCC) is important for determining the tectonic setting and evolution of the craton during the Neoarchaean–Palaeoproterozoic. The Eastern Hebei terrane (EHT), located in the Eastern Block of the NCC, is composed of tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic (TTG) gneisses and potassium-rich granitoids, along with rafts of supracrustal rocks that are intruded by basic dikes. TTG gneisses in the EHT yield crystallization ages of 2516–2527 Ma. The oldest age of inherited zircons from a mylonitic TTG gneiss is ~2918 Ma. Granulite-facies supracrustal metamorphic rocks in the Zunhua high-grade meta-greenstone belt indicate an andesitic/basaltic protolith that was formed at ~2498 Ma. A syn-deformational granite in the Jinchangyu greenschist-facies shear zone yields a crystallization age of ~2474 Ma. Metamorphism of the supracrustal rocks and mylonitic greenschist took place at ~2461 and ~2475 Ma, respectively. Rare earth elements (REE) patterns and slightly negative Nb and Ta anomalies indicate that the magmatic precursors of the supracrustal rocks might be derived from partial melting of a sub-arc mantle wedge and metasomatized by fluids derived from a subducting slab. These rocks plot in the island arc basalts (IAB) field on a La/Nb vs. La diagram, further supporting this interpretation. The microstructures of a garnet–two-pyroxene granulite indicate an approximately clockwise P-T path. The crystallization ages of the TTG gneisses represent periods of the major crustal growth in the NCC, and the granulite- and greenschist-facies metamorphism indicates an orogenic event that involved crustal thickening at ~2.47 Ga.     

Multiple Mesozoic porphyry-skarn Cu (Mo–W) systems in Yidun Terrane,east Tethys: Constraints from zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os geochronology

Porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au deposits typically formed in volcanoplutonic arcs above subduction zones. However, there is increasing evidence for the occurrence of porphyry deposits related to magmas generated after the underplating arc has ceased. Post-subduction lithospheric thickening, lithospheric extension, or mantle lithosphere delamination could trigger the remelting of subduction-modified arc lithosphere and lead to the formation of post-subduction porphyry deposits. The NNW-trending Yidun Terrane, located in the eastern Tethys, experienced subduction of Garze–Litang oceanic plate (a branch of the Paleotethys) in the Late Triassic and witnessed two mineralization events respectively associated with the ca. 215 Ma arc-related intermediate–felsic porphyries and the 88–79 Ma mildly-alkaline granitic porphyries. It is, therefore, an ideal place to investigate the genetic linkage between the subduction-related porphyry deposits and post-subduction porphyry deposits. Our new in situ zircon U–Pb dating of the two granitic intrusions (biotite granite, 213.4 ± 0.9 Ma; monzogranite porphyry, 86.0 ± 0.4 Ma) in the Xiuwacu district, the molybdenite Re–Os age (84.7 ± 0.6 Ma) of the mineralization, and previously published geochronological data, together show the spatially overlapping distribution of the multiple Mesozoic porphyry systems in the Late Triassic Yidun arc system. Furthermore, the arc-like elemental signatures and the mixed Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic signatures of the Late Cretaceous ore-related porphyries (i.e., originating from a mixed components between the ∼215 Ma juvenile arc crust and the Mesoproterozoic mafic lower crust) indicate a genetic linkage between the Late Triassic and Late Cretaceous porphyry systems. This suggests that the remelting of underplated arc-related mafic rocks formed during the subduction of the Garze–Litang Ocean could be responsible for the mixing between the mantle-derived components and the Mesoproterozoic lower crustal materials, when post-subduction transtension occurred in the Late Cretaceous. The formation of the Late Cretaceous porphyry–skarn Cu–Mo–W deposits could most likely be related to the remelting of Late Triassic residual sulfide-bearing Cu-rich cumulates in the subduction-modified lower crust that triggered by the Late Cretaceous transtension.     

Late Jurassic Sn metallogeny in eastern Guangdong,SE China coast: Evidence from geochronology,geochemistry and Sr–Nd–Hf–S isotopes of the Dadaoshan Sn deposit

The newly discovered Dadaoshan Sn deposit is located in the eastern Guangdong Sn–W province, coastal SE China. The Sn mineralization, hosted in Jurassic porphyritic granite and the Lower Jurassic Jinji Formation sedimentary wall rocks, is considered to be granite-related. In this study, the porphyritic granite was LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dated to be 153.2 ± 1.2 Ma, consistent with the syn-mineralization molybdenite Re–Os age of 152.6 ± 1.8 Ma. The porphyritic granite samples are weakly peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.0–1.1) and high-K calc-alkaline. The rocks contain high SiO₂ (72.9–75.6 wt%), moderate Rb/Sr (5–9) and low ΣREE (136–223 ppm). They are enriched in F, Li, Rb and Sn, depleted in Ba, Sr, P, Zr, Th, Nb and Y, and have distinct negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.09–0.18), suggesting that the porphyritic granite is highly fractionated I-type granite. The calculated initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.711582–0.715173), relatively low ɛ_Nd(t) (−9.48 to −8.54; T_DM2 = 1638–1814 Ma), and the zircon ε_Hf(t) (−14.2 to −5.1; two-stage model ages = 1528–2103 Ma) all suggest that the granite was mainly crustal-derived with little mantle input. Sulfur isotopic compositions for the sulfides (arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite: δ³⁴S = −1.1 to 1.4‰, average = −0.1) imply a dominantly magmatic sulfur source. The calculated zircon Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ and Eu_N/Eu_N¹ ratios of the Dadaoshan granite range from 1.0 to 112 (mean = 31.7) and from 0.04 to 0.37 (mean = 0.14), respectively, indicating a low oxygen fugacity for the magma. The reducing and highly fractionated nature of the Dadaoshan granitic magma may have played a key role in the Sn mineralization.It was previously argued that the Jurassic Sn–W mineralization and its causative magmatism were largely confined in the South China interior, e.g., the Nanling Range. Our new data suggest that the Late Jurassic Sn–W mineralization and its causative magmatism actually extended to the SE China coastal area. The Dadaoshan granite may have been generated from partial crustal melting led by underplating of mantle-derived magmas in an extensional environment. Regional extension may have been related to the west-directed, flat-slab subduction and delamination of the Paleo-Pacific (Izanagi) plate beneath the South China block. Another suite of Early Cretaceous Sn–W-bearing granitic rocks in eastern Guangdong may have mainly been crustal-derived with minor mantle input, and likely occurred under back-arc extensional setting led by the Paleo-Pacific subduction rollback.