Partial melting during tectonic exhumation of a granulite terrane: an example from the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica

Anatectic migmatites in medium- to low-pressure granulite facies metasediments exposed in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, contain leucosomes with abundant quartz and plagioclase and minor interstitial K-feldspar, and assemblages of garnet–cordierite–spinel–ilmenite–sillimanite. Qualitative modelling in the system K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–O₂, in conjunction with various P–T calculations indicate that the high-grade retrograde evolution of the terrane was dominated by decompression from peak conditions of c. 7 kbar at c. 800 °C to 4–5 kbar at c. 750 °C. Extensive partial melting during decompression involved the replacement of biotite by the assemblage cordierite–garnet–spinel within the leucosomes. These leucosomes represent the site of partial melt generation, the cordierite–garnet–spinel–ilmenite assemblage representing the solid products and excess reactants from the melting reaction. The extraction and accumulation of this decompression-generated melt led to the formation of syntectonic pegmatites and extensive granitic plutons. Leucosome development and terrane decompression proceeded during crustal transpression, synchronous with upper crustal extension, during a progressive Early Palaeozoic collisional event. Subsequent retrograde evolution was characterized by cooling, as indicated by the growth of biotite replacing spinel and garnet, thin mantles of cordierite replacing spinel and quartz within metapelites, and garnet replacing orthopyroxene and hornblende within metabasites. P–T calculations on late mylonites indicate lower grade conditions of formation of c. 3.5 kbar at c. 650 °C, consistent with the development of late cooling textures.     

青藏高原羌塘北部托和平错一带二叠系展金组火山岩的特征及构造环境

西藏改则县托和平错地区展金组中发育一套早—中二叠世以玄武岩类为主、玄武安山岩次之、安山岩少量的海相火山岩组合。该火山岩中玄武岩、玄武安山岩的SiO2含量为44.43%～54.87%,TiO2含量多在4%以上,K2O+Na2O平均为4.57%,玄武岩类富K,玄武安山岩富Na。区内火山岩富集K、Ba、Th、Ta、Ce、P、Zr、Sm、Ti、Cr,亏损Rb、Nb、Hf、Sc,Y/Nb在0.322～0.499之间。综合常量元素和微量元素特征,可将该火山岩归入碱性玄武岩系列。区内火山岩从基性到中性稀土元素总量基本没有变化,REE平均为402.31×10-6,LREE/HREE为8.17～12.69,为轻稀土强烈富集型,δEu为0.93～1.04,平均为0.99,无Eu异常,玄武岩的Th/Ta值多数大于1.6。火山岩的地质特征和地球化学特征表明,本区火山岩产出的大地构造环境为冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂谷环境。     

南秦岭三叠系裂陷槽边界断裂带多金属成矿带特征

南秦岭三叠系裂陷槽主要分布在合作—宕昌—两当大断裂与腊子口—舟曲—成县大断裂之间,向东伸入陕西界内,向西延伸到青海省,以甘肃陇南相关三叠纪地层研究程度最高。其北界为传统意义上中秦岭与南秦岭的分界线,沿此断裂构造带目前已发现有众多的多金属矿点及矿化点。南界属于著名的白龙江背斜的北翼,沿此断裂构造带最近也不断发现了一系列金...     

东海陆架泥质区沉积地球化学比较研究

利用东海陆架泥质沉积区和周围砂质沉积区的表层沉积物元素含量和海水悬浮沉积物总量分析资料,对泥质区的沉积地球化学进行了比较研究。结果表明东海不同泥质区的沉积地球化学过程很不相同。浙江近岸泥质区沉积物元素以Fe、Mn、Zn的含量高,Na、Sr、Al、Ca的含量低为特征,其地球化学特征与长江沉积物非常一致。近岸泥质区的沉积物基本来源于长江输入海的沉积物,在台湾暖流的作用下沉积在浙江沿岸。远岸济州岛西南泥质区沉积物以Na、Sr的高含量,较高的Al、Ca含量和低的Fe、Mn、Zn含量为特征,其地球化学特征与黄河源沉积物有好的相关性,但有一定的混合源性质,该泥质区的沉积物主要来源于黄河源的细颗粒沉积物,由黄海沿岸流搬运到该区并沉积下来。沉积物在搬运沉积过程中,元素粒度分异作用明显。东海陆架泥质区沉积地球化学过程的控制性影响因子是东海环流系统和物源,其中台湾暖流对东海陆架远岸和近岸泥质区的沉积地球化学分区具有关键作用。     

Response of the hydrological regime of the Yellow River to the changing monsoon intensity and human activity

Abstract

In the past 50 years, influenced by global climate change, the East Asian summer monsoon intensity (SMI) changed significantly, leading to a response by the water cycle of the Yellow River basin. The variation in SMI has three stages: (1) 1951–1963, SMI increased; (2) 1963–1965, SMI declined sharply, a feature that may be regarded as an abrupt change; and (3) 1965–2000, SMI remained at low levels and showed a tendency to decline slowly. The decreased SMI led to a reduction in water vapour transfer from the ocean to the Yellow River basin, and thus precipitation decreased and the natural river runoff of the Yellow River also decreased. Due to the increase in population and therefore in irrigated land area, the ratio of net water diversion to natural river runoff increased continuously. Comparison of the ratio of net water diversion to natural river runoff before and after the abrupt change in SMI indicates some discontinuity in the response of the man-induced lateral branch of the water cycle to the abrupt change in SMI. The frequently occurring flow desiccation in the lower Yellow River can be regarded as a response of the water cycle system to the decreasing summer monsoon intensity and increasing population. When the ratio of net water diversion exceeded the ratio of natural runoff of the low-flow season to the annual total natural runoff, flow desiccation in the lower Yellow River would occur. When the ratio of net water diversion is 0.3 larger than the ratio of the natural runoff of the low-flow season to the annual total natural runoff, an abrupt increase in the number of flow desiccation events is likely to occur.     

视密度反演在东海及邻区重力异常解释中的应用

简要介绍了基于位场分离的视密度反演法的原理,并利用该技术对东海的重力异常进行处理并进行了区域地质解释应用.视密度反演的方法在对研究区内的区域性大断裂如郯庐断裂、江绍断裂以及东引—海礁隐伏断裂有很好的分辨能力.不同深度的视密度切片信息能够帮助我们了解这些大断裂的发育深度和规模.在沟弧盆等地形以及构造复杂地区利用视密度反演法研究深部地质构造,可以揭示不同深度上补偿质量分布情况,从而推测莫霍面的起伏情况.     

近海多功能混凝土平台选型与优化

提出了一种适合近海边际油田开发的多功能混凝土平台型式,并对其进行了优化设计.分析了各约束对平台造价的影响,确定了平台的应用范围.优化分析中采用了约束单调性分析、初始点自动给定等方法,加快了优化的迭代收敛速度,并对初稳性高度GM值采用了模糊优化方法,考虑了影响GM值的主观因素.     

东海海底地形分区特征和成因研究

东海一直以其特殊的大地构造地位受到国内外地学界的关注,但作为主要受构造控制的东海海底地形的研究,以往简单趋势性描述居多,专门深入系统的研究尚不多见。不久前完成的高精度、全覆盖多波束海底地形勘测覆盖了东海部分外陆架、大陆坡全部、冲绳海槽和东部岛坡的一部分,取得了海量的测深数据。据此编绘的勘测多波束水深图和结合测区外的传统资料编绘的海底地形图使我们有机会可以重新审视和系统研究东海的海底地形特征。在定量确定了陆架坡折线、陆坡坡脚线和东部槽坡坡脚线的基础上划分出了大陆架、大陆坡、冲绳海槽平原和东部岛坡4大地形区,继之对各区的海底地形特征进行了研究和描述,并在区内选取了有代表性的5条剖面进行了剖析。另外,从地球内营力和外营力两方面分析了影响东海海底地形发育的因素。调查分析表明:整个东海地形分带明显,地形类型多样:大陆架十分宽阔,总体北宽南窄,从大陆向海平缓倾斜,发育了广泛的NW-SE向沙脊群,自大陆向东南呈扇形发散;大陆坡呈NE-SW向条带展布,海底地形陡峻,呈阶梯状下掉,总体北缓南陡,其上峡谷密布,上穿切外陆架,下直达海槽,同时坡麓上海台沟谷伴生发育;冲绳海槽北浅南深,其内在平坦的背景上发育了众多的海山和海丘,其中心又有槽中槽地形;东槽坡地形复杂,发育了     

气流的垂直分布对地形雨落区的影响

从大气运动的基本方程出发,讨论了华北地区太行山东侧低空东风气流背景下不同垂直分布气流对降水落区的影响。认为：当垂直于山体的气流随高度减小时,地形的作用表现为迎风坡上水平辐合,造成气旋式涡度增加,产生风场切变,因此对迎风坡降水产生明显的增幅作用。当气流的垂直分布随高度增加时,迎风坡方向表现为反气旋涡度增强,而在背风坡方向产生辐合作用,造成气旋式涡度增加,发生风场切变。     

从辽宁东、西部地质对比论郯庐断裂的平移运动

辽宁东、西部地质上诸多差异并非是原地升降运动造成的，而是二个异地岩块经郯庐断裂大规模左旋平移运动迁移到一起的结果。辽东半岛原曾与鲁西－徐淮地区处于相同的古纬度。郯庐断裂北延的主干断裂应是抚顺－敦化断裂，它在辽宁境内是地层区划的重要界线。郯庐断裂在太古宙末期即已出现，曾多次变换其平移方向，最近一次大规模左行平移活动的高峰期是在晚侏罗世晚期－早白垩世，结束于孙家湾组或泉头组堆积之前。