联合概率法在合并相邻台网地震目录中的应用:以2014年鲁甸序列为例

中国目前实行的区域地震台网独立运行机制,使得在相邻不同台网的交界地区可能存在多个版本的地震目录和震相观测报告,影响了地震活动性分析与研究.为此,本文提出了一种基于联合概率的方法,可标明两个或多个相邻台网目录中相同的事件,合并它们的震相数据开展重新定位,并重构不同台网交界地区的统一地震目录.该方法的思路与分析步骤是：首先,计算获得不同台网之间具有最小发震时刻差异的两两地震的时空强差异分布,查找并剔除独立地震,计算事件合并的联合概率;其次,基于联合概率分析合并不同台网的地震目录和震相观测报告,对合并事件进行重新定位和定位误差分析,并基于G-R关系检验重构目录的完整性.本文以2014年鲁甸地震序列为例的初步应用结果显示,震相合并之后的地震定位精度相比之前单个台网的结果,特别是相比四川台网的目录,定位精度提高非常显著,合并后的目录与之前相对完整的云南目录接近,但相比由两个台网目录简单拼凑而成的目录更加准确.此外,研究还发现在目录合并过程中,对于4级以上的中强震,应选择M_S而不是以M_L震级标度;震相合并后被复用台站记录的到时信息可用于检测不同台网间的震相拾取是否存在系统偏差.本文提出的方法使得在相邻不同台网的过渡区形成一个统一且尽可能准确可靠的地震目录成为可能.     

2008年10月西藏当雄MW6.3地震震后形变提取与余滑反演

2008年10月6日西藏当雄发生M_W6.3地震.本文利用震后2008年10月26日至2010年8月22日的16期ENVISAT ASAR数据,通过小基线集干涉测量、误差校正与MInTS（Multiscale InSAR Time Series）技术提取高精度的震后形变场,利用SDM（Steepest Descent Method）方法反演断层震后余滑演化过程,并分析震后余滑与同震滑动的关系.结果表明：当雄M_W6.3地震的近场震后形变场主要位于断层西侧,在时间演化上具有明显的对数函数衰减规律;震后余滑主要集中于断层中南段深0~15 km区间,最大的余滑量约0.07 m,位于断层深约9.28 km处,滑动角约-103°;震后余滑引起的地震矩能量M₀与矩震级M_W在时间演化上具有指数函数递增规律;当剪切模量μ=32 GPa,震后665天余滑释放的地震矩能量约为1.92×10¹⁷N·m,约占同震滑动释放地震矩的4.8%,相当于矩震级M_W5.46;虽然震后余滑已经延伸到断层浅部0~5 km区间,但由于余滑量相对较小,没有改变同震滑动在断层浅部区域的滑动亏损现象,这可能是2010年11月30日该区域又发生M_W5.3级余震的主要原因之一.     

Potential wind erosion rate response to climate and land‐use changes in the watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River,China, 1986–2013

Climate and land‐use changes could strongly affect wind erosion and in turn cause a series of environmental problems. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess potential wind erosion rate (PWER) response to climate and land‐use changes in the watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River (NIMRYR), China. The watershed of NIMRYR suffers from serious wind erosion hazards, and over recent decades, wind erosion intensity and distribution has changed, following climate and land‐use changes. To understand these processes in the NIMRYR watershed, the Integrated Wind Erosion Modelling System (IWEMS) and the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) were used to calculate the PWER under different climate conditions and land‐use scenarios, and to assess the influences of climate and land‐use changes on the PWER. The results show the PWER in the whole watershed had a significant declining trend from 1986 to 2013. The results of the relationship among PWER, climate change, and land‐use changes showed that climate change was the dominant control on the PWER change in this watershed. Compared to the period 1986–1995, the average PWER decreased 23.32% and 64.98% as a result of climate change in the periods 1996–2005 and 2006–2013, respectively. In contrast with climate change, the effects of land‐use changes on the average PWER were much lower, and represented a change in PWER of less than 3.3% across the whole watershed. The study method we used could provide some valuable reference for wind erosion modelling, and the research results should help climate and land‐use researchers to develop strategies to reduce wind erosion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Are modern metaheuristics successful in calibrating simple conceptual rainfall–runoff models?

In recent years sampling approaches have been used more widely than optimization algorithms to find parameters of conceptual rainfall–runoff models, but the difficulty of calibration of such models remains in dispute. The problem of finding a set of optimal parameters for conceptual rainfall–runoff models is interpreted differently in various studies, ranging from simple to relatively complex and difficult. In many papers, it is claimed that novel calibration approaches, so-called metaheuristics, outperform the older ones when applied to this task, but contradictory opinions are also plentiful. The present study aims at calibration of two simple lumped conceptual hydrological models, HBV and GR4J, by means of a large number of metaheuristic algorithms. The tests are performed on four catchments located in regions with relatively similar climatic conditions, but on different continents. The comparison shows that, although parameters found may somehow differ, the performance criteria achieved with simple lumped models calibrated by various metaheuristics are very similar and differences are insignificant from the hydrological point of view. However, occasionally some algorithms find slightly better solutions than those found by the vast majority of methods. This means that the problem of calibration of simple lumped HBV or GR4J models may be deceptive from the optimization perspective, as the vast majority of algorithms that follow a common evolutionary principle of survival of the fittest lead to sub-optimal solutions.     

体应变地震波最大振幅与地震震级和震中距的统计关系探讨

Based on the body strain record of Tiantanghe station from 2008 to 2014,we make a statistical analysis of the relationship between the maximum amplitude of the body strain record and the surface-wave magnitude,epicenter distance of the earthquakes,which occurred in the Chinese mainland and its surrounding areas with MS≥6. 0 and the rest of the world with MS≥7. 0. According to statistical results,we propose a statistical formula between the surface-wave magnitude of earthquake and the maximum amplitude of the body strain record,the epicenter distance: M_S~*= 0. 37 ln A_max+ 0. 57 ln D + 0. 07. We can also derive a theoretical estimation formula for the maximum amplitude: A_max=e~(2. 7(M_S~*-0. 07))D~(-1. 54). This demonstrates that the maximum amplitude of the body strain record increases exponentially with the increase of the surface-wave magnitude, and decreases with the increase of the epicenter distance,and shows a negative correlation with their product. We further discuss the necessity of adding instruments with high frequency sampling to earthquake monitoring, and dicuss the prospects for precise earthquake prediction in future.     

Study on Seismic Damage to Buildings from the 2016 Hutubi MS6.2 Earthquake

Based on the field investigation of the building types and damage caused to them by the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake on December 8, 2016, we analyzed the damage characteristics and causes for different types of buildings. In conclusion we put forward some suggestions for the restoration and reconstruction in the earthquake affected area in future.     

Late Quaternary Activity of the Chuxiong-Nanhua Fault and the 1680 Chuxiong MS6 ¾ Earthquake

In this paper, according to the results of the satellite imagery interpretation and field investigation, we study the active features and the latest active times of the Chuxiong-Nanhua fault, the Quaternary basins formation mechanism, and the relationship between the fault and the 1680 Chuxiong M_S6 ¾ earthquake. Several Quaternary profiles at Lvhe, Nanhua reveal that the fault has offset the late Pleistocene deposits of the T2 and T3 terraces of Longchuan river, indicating that the fault was obviously active in late Quaternary. The Chuxiong-Nanhua fault has been dominated by dextral strike slip motion in the late Quaternary, with an average rate of 1.6-2.0mm/a. Several pull apart Quaternary basins of Chuxiong, Nanhua, and Ziwu etc. have developed along the fault. The 1680 Chuxiong M_S6 ¾ earthquake and several moderate earthquakes have occurred near the fault. The Chuxiong-Nanhua fault are the seismogenic structure of those earthquakes, the latest fault movement was in the late-Pleistocene, and even the Holocene. In large area, the Chuxiong-Nanhua fault and the eastern Qujiang fault and the Shiping fault composed a set of NW-trending oblique orientation active faults, and the motion characteristics are all mainly dextral strike slip. The motion characteristics, like the red river fault of the Sichuan-Yunnan Rhombic Block southwestern boundary, are concerned with the escaping movement of the Sichuan-Yunnan Rhombic Block.     

基于库仑应力变化分析巴颜喀拉地块东端的强震相互关系

本研究基于分层黏弹介质模型,考虑同震位错效应和震后黏滞松弛效应,分析巴颜喀拉地块东端1976年松潘地震序列、2008年汶川8.0级地震、2013年芦山7.0级地震和2017年九寨沟7.0级地震等多次大地震的可能存在的触发关系,计算大地震引起的周边各主要断裂的库仑应力变化.结果显示,1976年松潘地震序列各次地震间关系密切,存在明显的相继触发作用;综合考虑同震和震后效应,汶川8.0级地震对同属于龙门山断裂带的芦山7.0级地震有触发作用,且震后效应影响不可忽略;1976年地震序列,特别是1976年8月16日7.2级地震促进了2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震的发生;汶川地震对九寨沟地震的影响研究中,采用不同的汶川地震同震位错模型,计算结果有差异.综合考虑多次大地震对周边断裂带的影响,龙门山断裂带南段、鲜水河断裂带中南段、平武—青川断裂北段、灌县—安县断裂北段、文县断裂的累积库仑应力增加显著,巴颜喀拉地块东端的东昆仑断裂带东段、迭部—白龙江断裂带西段以及金沙江断裂带库仑应力亦有所增加.综合考虑各重要断裂带已有的大地震危险性分析结果和库仑应力变化计算结果,龙门山断裂带南段、鲜水河断裂带中南段、东昆仑断裂带玛沁—玛曲段和金沙江断裂带的发震紧迫性有所增强,需引起关注.     

基于多轨道卫星观测数据分析尼泊尔地震长波辐射特征

综合已经在红外异常提取中应用的涡度和RST(Robust Satellite Technique)算法优点,提出了红外异常指数算法.并基于长时间尺度的中国静止卫星FY-2D和美国极轨卫星NOAA长波辐射数据,应用RST和异常指数算法,分别对2015年4月25日尼泊尔M_s8.1和5月12日M_s7.5地震前后卫星长波辐射变化特征进行了分析,开展了多轨道、多时空分辨率长波辐射同步地震热红外特征研究.结果表明,运用RST算法,两次地震前后,未能在震中周围发现明显的长波辐射异常.运用异常指数算法:(1)对于NOAA卫星,4月15日在M_s8.1地震震中以西出现热红外异常,到4月24日震中以西约100 km处出现异常最大值,随后逐渐消失.5月10日在M_s7.5地震震中以东约200 km发现异常;(2)在NOAA卫星长波辐射异常发现最大值当日,采用FY-2D卫星每3 h的数据分析可发现红外异常的动态演化过程,弥补NOAA卫星分辨率不足.以上结果为利用多轨道卫星监测地震热辐射变化提供了依据.     

有限元模拟弹性位错的等效体力方法

计算地震位错造成的位移场和应力场,对于估计大地震引起的后续地震活动发展趋势十分重要.本文提出在弹性位错问题的有限元模拟中,用等效体力代替位错源,从而在构建几何模型时不用包含断层,却可以处理包含任意复杂断层的问题,极大降低建模的难度.使用此方法,本文计算并讨论了在球形地球模型下2011年日本Tohoku-Oki特大地震对华北地区断层的影响,结果表明此次地震使华北主要断层趋于稳定.