宁津甲子山地区正长岩体作为混凝土骨料的适宜性评价

砂石骨料在混凝土中起着极其重要的作用,其质量关系工程寿命的大计。该文选择山东省荣成市宁津甲子山地区正长岩体作为研究对象,对该地区正长岩体作为混凝土骨料的适宜性进行了评价研究。通过野外实地调查及大量的分析测试数据对该地区三叠纪宁津所序列甲子山单元、东山单元、朝阳洞单元岩石进行了分析研究,确定其用作粗细骨料的适宜性,并提出了开采的建议。     

Setting limits for acceptable change in sediment particle size composition: Testing a new approach to managing marine aggregate dredging

A baseline dataset from 2005 was used to identify the spatial distribution of macrofaunal assemblages across the eastern English Channel. The range of sediment composition found in association with each assemblage was used to define limits for acceptable change at ten licensed marine aggregate extraction areas. Sediment data acquired in 2010, 4 years after the onset of dredging, were used to assess whether conditions remained within the acceptable limits. Despite the observed changes in sediment composition, the composition of sediments in and around nine extraction areas remained within pre-defined acceptable limits. At the tenth site, some of the observed changes within the licence area were judged to have gone beyond the acceptable limits. Implications of the changes are discussed, and appropriate management measures identified. The approach taken in this study offers a simple, objective and cost-effective method for assessing the significance of change, and could simplify the existing monitoring regime.     

喀斯特山地土地利用方式对土壤团粒的影响——以重庆黔江为例

土壤结构恶化是土壤侵蚀性退化的普遍现象和结果,在喀斯特地区表现尤为突出。本文以重庆黔江区为例,分析了四种不同的土地利用方式下,土壤团聚体的组成、稳定性及其影响因素。结果表明:研究区土壤颗粒组成主要集中在<0.05mm的范围内,土壤粘粒(<0.001mm)含量普遍较高;土壤经人为开垦利用转变为耕地后,表层土壤颗粒砂化明显;土地利用方式不同,风干团聚体含量相差不大,而水稳性团聚体组成和稳定性差异较大,＞5mm和＞1mm水稳性团聚体含量由大到小为:灌草坡＞林地＞退耕地＞耕地,＞0.25mm团聚体含量由大到小为:灌草坡＞退耕地＞林地＞耕地。灌草坡的水稳性团聚体含量最大,稳定性最强,耕地最差。有机质是影响水稳性团聚体的主要因素,因此,增加有机质的含量是恢复和改良喀斯特山地土壤结构状况的关键      

压力溶解对颗粒聚集岩体中热-水-应力耦合作用的弹塑性有限元分析

将Taron等提出的颗粒聚集体的压力溶解模型引入笔者所研制的孔隙介质热-水-应力耦合有限元程序中,并使用摩尔-库仑准则,针对一个假设的实验室尺度且位于饱和石英颗粒聚集岩体中的高放废物地质处置库模型,拟定弹性分析和弹塑性分析两种计算工况,进行4 a处置时段的数值模拟,考察了岩体中的温度、颗粒界面水膜及孔隙中的溶质浓度、迁移和沉淀质量、孔隙率及渗透系数、孔隙水压力、地下水流速和应力及塑性区的变化、分布情况。结果主要显示：弹塑性分析中由于应力调整和增大了分子扩散系数,使得塑性区的颗粒介质的溶解、迁移和沉淀有明显的变化,并对渗流场（孔隙水压力及流速）和应力场产生显著的影响。但两种工况弹性区中的颗粒介质的溶解、迁移和沉淀差别较小。     

混合充填骨料胶结充填强度试验与最优配比决策研究

将全尾砂作为充填料进行充填法采矿,不仅可以降低采矿成本,而且还能够实现固体废弃物资源化利用,同时将固体废弃物充填地下保护环境,维护生态平衡。由于尾砂粒径较细,需要与棒磨砂、戈壁砂混合作为充填料应用于充填采矿,有必要开展混合充填骨料的配比优化研究。首先,分别测试了棒磨砂、戈壁砂和尾砂3种骨料的粒径级配和不均匀系数。然后进行了9组配比的胶结充填体强度试验,在该基础上对试验样本进行训练,建立了神经网络预测模型。最后采用该预测模型,进行混合充填骨料正交设计方案的充填体强度预测,并分别采用极差分析和回归分析,揭示了充填体强度与混合充填骨料特征值之间的关系。研究发现,混合骨料平均粒径和不均匀系数不同,充填体早期和后期强度存在显著差异;平均粒径较小的混合骨料早期强度较高,而平均粒径较大者则更利于提高充填体的后期强度。     

考虑颗粒破碎引起级配演变的粗粒料屈服函数研究

级配作为粗粒料的重要物理特性,显著影响着粗粒料本身的力学性质。准确预测土体在加载过程中的级配演变,是有效分析土体结构全寿命周期强度和变形特性的基础。引入Einav的分形破碎理论,认为土体在加载过程中的颗粒破碎耗能增量正比于颗粒分形破碎率增量,结合考虑颗粒破碎的能量平衡方程,选取已有文献中的试验数据,对粗粒料加载过程中的级配演变进行了研究,提出了一种预测试样加载过程中级配演变的方法。在此基础上,建立了一个可以反映粗粒料级配演变的屈服函数,对该屈服面函数进行了初步探讨。每一个屈服面对应土体的一个级配演化曲线;屈服面是土体剪切应变的等值面,屈服面的轨迹和剪应变大小密切相关。     

Predicting physical equations of soil detachment by simulated concentrated flow in Ultisols (subtropical China)

Soil detachment in concentrated flow is due to the dislodging of soil particles from the soil matrix by surface runoff. Both aggregate stability and shear strength of the topsoil reflect the erosion resistance of soil to concentrated runoff, and are important input parameters in predicting soil detachment models. This study was conducted to develop a formula to predict soil detachment rate in concentrated flow by using the aggregate stability index (As), root density (R_d) and saturated soil strength (σ_s) in the subtropical Ultisols region of China. The detachment rates of undisturbed topsoil samples collected from eight cultivated soil plots were measured in a 3.8 m long, 0.2 m wide hydraulic flume under five different flow shear stresses (τ = 4.54, 9.38, 15.01, 17.49 and 22.54 Pa). The results indicated that the stability index (As) was well related with soil detachment rate, particularly for results obtained with high flow shear stress (22.54 Pa), and the stability index (As) has a good linear relationship with concentrated flow erodibility factors (K_c). There was a positive linear relationship between saturated soil strength (σ_s) and critical flow shear stress (τ_c) for different soils. A significant negative exponential relationship between erodibility factors (K_c) and root density (R_d) was detected. This study yielded two prediction equations that allowed comparison of their efficiency in assessing soil detachment rate in concentrated flow. The equation including the root density (R_d) may have a better correlation coefficient (R² = 0.95). It was concluded that the formula based on the stability index (As), saturated soil strength (σ_s) and root density (R_d) has the potential to improve methodology for assessing soil detachment rate in concentrated flow for the subtropical Chinese Ultisols. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modifying Transition Matrix to Evaluate Soil Quality: A Case Study in Karst Region in the West‐Southern China

The soil aggregate stability is a key property of soil quality and reflects soil quality and anti‐erosion ability. The transition matrix between initial and final aggregates condition was established by modifying Niewczas and Witkowska‐Walczak's method by not considering the artificial weights and each size of aggregates fraction on the basis of three reasonable assumptions, and soil aggregate stability index (ASI) was formed through preserving each size of aggregates probability. This ASI is identical to the result by reference, and the transition matrix can be showed to evaluate the soil aggregates stability. Using the transition matrix was furthermore to analyze anti‐breaking ability of different size aggregate by reference material. We found there were different effects for each size aggregate by four methods, simulation rainfall, one cycle of wetting–drying, ten cycles of wetting–drying, and Yoder wetting–sieving. The Yoder wetting–sieving is a severe method that destructed soil aggregates. The ASI by modifying transition matrix method was used to evaluate the aggregates stability under different land utilization in Karst region in Chongqing, China. The ASI of agricultural utilization was lower than abounded cultivated land, shrub‐grass land, secondary forest land, and primeval forest land. For some selected soil properties, when SOM content was <60 g/kg, ASI increased along with the SOM increase. Once the SOM content was >60 g/kg, the ASI was almost unchanged. The sorption moisture content of air‐drying acutely affected ASI too, and the ASI increased along the sorption moisture increasing. SOM content and sorption markedly affected the preserving probability of larger aggregates such as 10–5, 5–3, 3–2, 2–1, and 1–0.5 mm size class. Although CaCO₃ and clay content did not influence preserving probability of each size class of aggregates fiercely, but the influence on small aggregates was higher than that of larger aggregates. The modified transition matrix method could not only calculate soil aggregates stability index, but also analyze more parameters of aggregate experiment, and bring out the each size aggregates characteristics. Thus, the modified transition matrix method could be a better tool to understand soil quality.     

西北机场道面砼腐蚀原因及防治措施探讨

对西北地区五个机场的工程地质条件进行了调查分析, 采用岩相分析、化学分析、电子显微镜、X光衍射等手段对砼集料、已腐蚀砼新生物及土、水的化学性质进行了实验检测, 并进行了在水泥中掺用粉煤灰抑制碱集料反应试验。初步认为工程地质条件是砼腐蚀的重要影响因素, 设置隔离层, 对场地不良地质进行治理和改良是防治腐蚀的有效措施之一。     

水岩作用对川藏公路102滑坡形成与演化的影响

10 2滑坡频繁活动造成了川藏公路运营的多次中断。本文立足于翔实的野外考察,从 10 2滑坡水岩作用的影响因素入手,指出川藏公路地区滑坡的水岩作用强烈且形式多样,并分析了水岩作用对 10 2滑坡形成与演化全过程的影响。最后,提出在 10 2滑坡防治中应重点考虑滑坡的水岩作用。