Geotechnical evaluation of Miocene gypsum from Sivas (Turkey)

Gypsum is widely distributed in Sivas (Turkey), occurring chiefly in the formations of Miocene age. The gypsum is generally of the alabastrine type with a little of the porphiroblast type and contains traces of clay minerals, anhydrite and calcite. It is a moderately strong rock in terms of its unconfined compressive strength which is related to the crystal size. Strength increases as the crystal size decreases. The strength of gypsum was reduced by approximately 55%, when the samples were kept in the water for 20 days. Most samples exhibit plastic–elastic–plastic deformation. The gypsum has a high modulus ratio, and is a moderately deformable rock. High lateral deformations and low vertical deformations are observed under the vertical stress conditions in accordance with the relationship between modulus ratio and strain.     

Pb, Nd, and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Miocene basaltic rocks from northeast Hokkaido, Japan: Implications for opening of the Kurile back-arc basin

Late Miocene (7–9 Ma) basaltic rocks from the Monbetsu‐Kamishihoro graben in northeast Hokkaido have chemical affinities to certain back‐arc basin basalts (referred to herein as Hokkaido BABB). Pb‐, Nd‐ and Sr‐isotopic compositions of the Hokkaido BABB and arc‐type volcanic rocks (11–13 Ma and 4–4.5 Ma) from the nearby region indicate mixing between the depleted mantle and an EM II‐like enriched component (e.g. subducted pelagic sediment) in the magma generation. At a given ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, Hokkaido BABB have slightly lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and slightly less radiogenic ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb compared with associated arc‐type lavas, but both these suites are difficult to distinguish solely on the basis of isotopic compositions. These isotopic data indicate that while generation of the Hokkaido BABB involves smaller amounts of the EM II‐like enriched component than do associated arc lavas, Hokkaido BABB are isotopically distinct from basalts produced at normal back‐arc basin spreading centers. Instead, northeast Hokkaido BABB are more similar to basalts erupted during the initial rifting stage of back‐arc basins. The Monbetsu‐Kamishihoro graben may have developed in association with extension that formed the Kurile Basin, suggesting that opening of the basin continued until late Miocene (7–9 Ma).     

A gravel lobe deposit in the prodelta of the Doumsan fan delta (Miocene), SE Korea

The Doumsan fan-delta system in the Pohang Basin (Miocene), SE Korea comprises tripartite components of Gilbert-type topset, foreset, and bottomset environments with an extended prodelta in the deeper part (a few hundred metres deep). The present study documents sedimentologic features and origin of a gravel body (here interpreted as a gravel lobe) formed in the prodelta region of the Doumsan fan delta. The gravel lobe lies on sandy mud deposits and is capped by a thick massive sand bed. It extends for more than 1.5 km with a height of up to 30 m and shows a narrow tongue-like geometry. Eight sedimentary facies have been distinguished to describe characteristic features of the gravel lobe and the associated deposits. Of these, three types of gravelly sedimentary facies are important with regard to volumetric contribution and depositional processes: (1) crudely stratified pebble-grade conglomerate; (2) disorganized, clast-rich pebble(-to-cobble)-grade conglomerate; and (3) matrix-rich, bimodal cobble-grade conglomerate. The former two types dominate the central part of the lobe where they are not accompanied by sand beds, whereas the latter, as subordinate units, is prevalent in the fringe which otherwise is dominated by thick sandy mud deposits. The stacked successions of crudely stratified pebble-grade conglomerate are representative of the active aggradational phases of the gravel lobe, whereas the occurrence of channels within the lobe reflects that the gravel lobe prograded under the influence of subaqueous channel systems. The gravel lobe resulted from catastrophic disturbance (slumping) on the foreset region that further caused the development of channel systems, promoting efficient transport of gravelly sediments. This type of deposit may represent an important additional category of low-efficiency subaqueous fans.     

内蒙古喀喇沁地区早中生代闪长岩中麻粒岩捕虏体矿物化学及变质温压条件

在内蒙古东部喀喇沁地区早中生代大营子闪长岩中首次发现基性麻粒岩捕虏体.初步研究表明它们不同于华北克拉通地表出露的前寒武纪麻粒岩.根据其主要造岩矿物斜方辉石、单斜辉石、黑云母及斜长石的电子探针分析结果, 重点研究了各主要造岩矿物的化学成分特点, 并讨论了麻粒岩捕虏体的变质作用温压条件.研究结果表明, 捕虏体岩石的变质作用已达麻粒岩相, 其变质作用条件约为850~900 ℃, 0.6~1.0 GPa.这些麻粒岩捕虏体反映了研究区早中生代下地壳的组成特点, 为恢复该区早中生代深部地壳结构提供了依据.      

大别山北部磨子潭变质英云闪长岩内的暗色包体

大别山北部磨子潭附近新元古代英云闪长岩内包裹有许多暗色包体,其中可能保存有该区地壳早期演化的一些信息。对其中三个比较大的包体进行初步研究,发现它们的组成矿物主要为有闪石和长石,此外还含有少量绿泥石和不透明铁质矿物。这些包体可能遭受与晓天－磨子潭断裂有关的比较强烈的后变质糜棱岩化,但没有同变质或后期的脉体,岩石化学分析结果表明,其ＳｉＯ２含量为４９．１０％－５３．２７％,ＴｉＯ２为０．７４％－１．３     

东营凹陷中生代火山岩地球化学初步研究

东营凹陷早白垩纪火山岩,沿青城断裂分布,是一套弱碱性-钙碱性、富钠的大陆玄武岩、玄武安山岩.其84Sr/86Sr=0.705197,K-Ar同位素年龄为116.8±2.4～121.6±2.5Ma,稀土含量在84.93×10-6～90.60×10-6,∑LREE/∑HREE=6.99～7.24.岩浆主要来自上地幔,并受地壳物质混染.研究表明,该套火山岩产出的大地构造背景是活动大陆边缘火山弧后,左旋压扭应力场中的Nww向展布的次级张性盆地.     

河南荥巩煤上二叠世早期地层中异地煤的成因动力学研究

早二叠世早期,豫西地区处于热带陆表海环境.这一时期形成的海陆交替相含煤地层,太原组下部灰岩段中的I3煤层,其直接顶、底板均为浅海碳酸盐沉积,煤层本身具有明显的风暴沉积层序,是风暴作用形成的异地煤.     

美国加州地震预警系统发展，应用及启示

In this paper we outline the science, engineering, and societal considerations of the prototype Earthquake Early Warning System （EEWS） in California and detail the development and testing of methodologies in the last 10 years in America. Also, we give a brief introduction of Earthquake Early Warning （EEW） in China, and based on the summary of EEW in California we make an analysis of the perspectives, misconceptions, and challenges that China may have.     

西昆仑麻扎构造混杂岩的组成及其地质意义

西昆仑麻扎构造混杂岩带是1∶25万《麻扎幅》区域地质调查过程中发现并厘定的。岩块主要由火山弧杂岩、与弧相关的沉积建造和外来岩块3部分15个块体组成。各块体之间均为断层接触。基质分布在岩块的边部,主要由构造片岩和糜棱岩等组成。它包含着古洋壳消减过程中的一些重要信息。对构造混杂岩内角闪石英闪长岩进行SHRIMP测年,结果为(338±10）Ma,为早石炭世。麻扎构造混杂带的发现和研究,不仅丰富了麻扎-康西瓦缝合带的内容,而且将该带的演化时限提前到早石炭世,为西昆仑造山带研究提供了基础资料。     

Sequence and isotope stratigraphy of Late Triassic distal periplatform limestones from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Kälberstein Quarry, Berchtesgaden Hallstatt Zone)

Received: 24 September 1998 / Accepted: 14 November 1999