GGR Critical Review of Analytical Developments in 2006–2007

In 2005 the Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research editorial team, in the true spirit of scientific endeavour, embarked on an experiment of our own. We decided to trial a new kind of review, somewhat different from those more typically observed in journals, and one that would provide readers with a summary of analytical developments across a broad range of topics appropriate to the Earth sciences. The first contribution of this kind appeared in 2005, and reported on developments in 2003 (Hergt et al. 2005). The second, this time a biennial review, was published in 2006 and reported on highlights of the 2004 and 2005 literature (Hergt et al. 2006). Based on reprint requests, positive remarks at conferences and strong citations we consider the experiment a resounding success and proudly present here the third in this series. This comprises six individual review sections that cover the main analytical technologies and topical application fields in geoanalysis and geochemistry, including geological and environmental reference materials, ICP‐thermal and secondary ionisation‐mass spectrometry, as well as neutron activation analysis, X‐ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry.     

Environmental responses to Lateglacial climatic fluctuations recorded in the sediments of pre‐Alpine Lake Mondsee (northeastern Alps)

Investigation of the sedimentary record of pre‐Alpine Lake Mondsee (Upper Austria) focused on the environmental reaction to rapid Lateglacial climatic changes. Results of this study reveal complex proxy responses that are variable in time and influenced by the long‐term evolution of the lake and its catchment. A new field sampling approach facilitated continuous and precisely controlled parallel sampling at decadal to sub‐annual resolution for µ‐XRF element scanning, carbon geochemistry, stable isotope measurements on ostracods, pollen analyses and large‐scale thin sections for microfacies analysis. The Holocene chronology is established through microscopic varve counting and supported by accelerator mass spectrometry ¹⁴C dating of terrestrial plant macrofossils, whereas the Lateglacial age model is based on δ¹⁸O wiggle matching with the Greenland NGRIP record, using the GICC05 chronology. Microfacies analysis enables the detection of subtle sedimentological changes, proving that depositional processes even in rather large lake systems are highly sensitive to climate forcing. Comparing periods of major warming at the onset of the Lateglacial and Holocene and of major cooling at the onset of the Younger Dryas reveals differences in proxy responses, reflecting threshold effects and ecosystem inertia. Temperature increase, vegetation recovery, decrease of detrital flux and intensification of biochemical calcite precipitation at the onset of the Holocene took place with only decadal leads and lags over a ca. 100 a period, whereas the spread of woodlands and the reduction of detrital flux lagged the warming at the onset of the Lateglacial Interstadial by ca. 500–750 a. Cooling at the onset of the Younger Dryas is reflected by the simultaneous reaction of δ¹⁸O and vegetation, but sedimentological changes (reduction of endogenic calcite content, increase in detrital flux) were delayed by about 150–300 a. Three short‐term Lateglacial cold intervals, corresponding to Greenland isotope substages GI‐1d, GI‐1c2 and GI‐1b, also show complex proxy responses that vary in time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江西铜坑嶂斑岩钼矿床成矿流体特征与成矿作用研究

江西铜坑嶂钼矿是新近发现的中型斑岩型钼矿,矿体主要分布在白垩纪花岗斑岩体内。根据矿物组合和穿插关系可将该矿床分为三个矿化蚀变阶段:钾硅酸盐化阶段、萤石-黑云母(白云母)-钾长石-辉钼矿阶段和绢云母-石英-碳酸盐阶段。流体包裹体研究表明早阶段成矿流体为富含碱质、挥发份的高氧化性岩浆流体,该成矿流体形成压力较大(约1000bar),温度较高(550～>600℃之间)并发生了沸腾作用,分离出高盐度多相流体包裹体和富气相低盐度包裹体。随着温度的降低(420～440℃之间)和压力的持续释放(320～360bar)成矿流体再次沸腾并导致了钼矿的沉淀。晚阶段与绢云母化等蚀变有关的脉体中大量存在的高盐度(29.58%～44.12%NaCleqv)流体包裹体指示岩浆流体为该蚀变作用的主导,该阶段少数石英脉中富液相包裹体的广泛发育可能与岩浆水和大气降水的混合作用有关。激光拉曼和扫描电镜实验在早阶段流体中检测到Fe3O4、SO2,表明该阶段流体氧化性较高,钾长石化发育,属碱性环境。主成矿阶段流体中还原性气体CH4等的存在,以及辉钼矿与蚀变白云母共生,揭示出该阶段处于相对还原的酸性环境,亦表明氧逸度、pH值变化可能共同导致了钼的沉淀。     

淮南矿区谢桥矿A组煤底板灰岩组分结构及水化学特征分析

A组煤(1煤)是矿井延伸开采的主要煤层,受底板承压岩溶水威胁。随着开采深度的增加,A组煤层底板灰岩突水几率也随之逐渐增大。采集谢桥矿A组煤层底板石炭系太原组石灰岩样品及对应层位的太灰水样品,并对不同层石灰岩样品进行显微镜下、X射线衍射(XRD)以及X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析,对水样进行常规离子组分的测试分析,探讨了A组煤石灰岩矿物组成、化学组分及离子含量之间的关系。研究结果表明:太原组C2Ⅰ层和C2Ⅲ层石灰岩孔隙发育,溶蚀能力强,为含水层;C2Ⅱ层石灰岩裂隙不发育,岩溶不发育,为相对隔水层;太灰水中Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+含量主要与石灰岩组成、pH值以及阳离子交换作用有关;Cl-含量与沉积水体盐度相一致。将岩石的矿物学特征与地下水化学组成同时进行研究对A组煤开采可行性分析具有重要现实意义。     

灰岩和白云岩的X射线荧光光谱分析

使用XRF粉末压片法可直接测定灰岩和白云岩中的主要化学成分,对样品进行15min研磨和使用30×10~2 MPa的制样压力,可以减小基体效应中的粒度效应,再通过数学校正法消除基体效应中的吸收、增强效应,分析结果的准确度和精密度可与化学法相比。     

Zircon U–Pb ages of Miocene granitic rocks in the Koshikijima Islands: Implications for Neogene tectonics in the Kyushu region,southwest Japan

The opening of the Japan Sea separated southwest Japan from the Eurasian continent during the Early to Middle Miocene. Since then, diverse igneous activities have occurred in relation to the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath southwest Japan. The Okinawa Trough formed in the back-arc region of the Ryukyu Arc since the Late Miocene. In the Koshikijima Islands, off the west coast of Kyushu and near the northern end of the Okinawa Trough, felsic to intermediate igneous rocks with Middle to Late Miocene radiometric ages occur as granitic intrusions and dikes. We obtained zircon U–Pb ages and whole-rock major- and trace-element compositions of Koshikijima granitic rocks to elucidate their magmagenesis. The U–Pb ages of granitic rocks in Kamikoshikijima and Shimokoshikijima and a dacite dike are about 10 Ma, suggesting that most magmatism on the Koshikijima Islands was coeval with early rifting in the Okinawa Trough. We infer that magmagenesis occurred via melting of lower crustal mafic rocks related to rifting in the Okinawa Trough based on the arc-like trace-element compositions of these I-type granites. Andesitic dikes preceded felsic igneous activity on the Koshikijima Islands, and their ages and petrochemistry will help elucidate the magmatism and tectonics in this area throughout the Miocene.     

无机多元素现代仪器分析技术

本文重点介绍地质领域目前广泛应用的无机多元素现代仪器分析技术,包括电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、原子吸收光谱(AAS)、原子荧光光谱(AFS)、电子探针分析技术和共享平台的建立、激光剥蚀等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)微区原位分析技术以...     

XRF岩芯扫描分析方法及其在湖泊沉积研究中的应用

XRF岩芯扫描分析方法在海洋和湖泊沉积环境变化方面的应用研究,已取得了显著的成果,但在国内尚未见到研究成果的报道。XRF岩芯扫描分析方法具有快速、无破坏性、连续测试元素和对样品制备要求不高等特点,在获取高分辨环境记录方面更具独特的优势。因此,这一分析方法具有极好的应用前景,它能提高分析的准确性和精确度,加强高分辨率湖泊沉积与环境演变的整体性研究,促进环境指标的综合运用与定量化研究。从介绍XRF岩芯扫描分析方法的原理、特点、影响因素、分析结果的校正入手,进而分析该测试方法的应用现状与远景。