Representing the landslide magnitude–frequency relation: Capilano River basin,British Columbia

We use magnitude–frequency analysis as a statistical tool to quantify the erosion caused by landslides and debris ?ows. Using air‐photo‐ and ground‐derived data we show that the departure from power‐law distribution customarily observed for small magnitude is an artefact of sampling de?ciencies. Nonetheless, the total distribution is not sensitive to the frequency of small slides and total erosion remains adequately represented in the air‐photo‐derived data. Our data also demonstrate a real departure from simple scaling at much larger magnitudes, the cause of which is not de?nitively established. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A casting procedure for reproducing coarse‐grained sedimentary surfaces

In the ?eld, the measurement of near‐bed hydraulics remains problematic. Greater precision is possible in the laboratory, but, in the case of gravels, it is dif?cult to create a water‐worked channel‐bed that is realistic enough to replicate faithfully the conditions found in nature. In this paper, a technique to reproduce coarse‐grained sedimentary fabrics of large areal extent is described. It involves moulding natural river‐bed surfaces from which facsimiles are cast. Remarkably realistic casts with dimensions of 1 m by 2 m have been produced and their quality assessed using spatial data derived using automated digital photogrammetry. The casts reproduce the prototype surfaces with errors at millimetre scale (0·5 per cent of the microrelief). The technique has facilitated the introduction of sedimentary surfaces that incorporate natural, complex structures of grains up to cobble size into experimental channels where detailed studies of near‐bed hydraulics can be carried out. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interchannel hydraulic geometry and hydraulic efficiency of the anastomosing Columbia River,southeastern British Columbia,Canada

The morphodynamics of the anastomosing channel system of upper Columbia River in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, is examined using an adaptation of conventional hydraulic geometry termed ‘interchannel hydraulic geometry’. Interchannel hydraulic geometry has some of the characteristics of downstream hydraulic geometry but differs in that it describes the general bankfull channel form and hydraulics of primary and secondary channels in the anastomosing channel system. Interchannel hydraulic geometry generalizes these relationships and as such becomes a model of the geomorphology of channel division and combination. Interchannel hydraulic geometry of upper Columbia River, based on ?eld measurements of ?ow velocity and channel form at 16 test sections, is described well by simple power functions: w_bf = 3·24Q_bf^0·64; d_bf = 1·04Q_bf^0·19; v_bf = 0·30Q_bf^0·17. These results, with other related measurements of ?ow resistance, imply that channel splitting leads to hydraulic inef?ciency (higher ?ow resistance) on the anastomosing Columbia River. Because these ?ndings differ from those reported in studies elsewhere, we conclude that hydraulic ef?ciency does not provide a general explanation for anabranching in river channels. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A wind tunnel investigation of the influences of fetch length on the flux profile of a sand cloud blowing over a gravel surface

Wind tunnel tests were conducted to examine the fetch effect of a gravel surface on the ?ux pro?le of the sand cloud blowing over it using typical dune sand. The results suggest that the ?ux pro?le of blown sand over a gravel surface differs from that over a sandy surface and is characterized by a peak ?ux at a height above the surface while that over a sandy surface decreases exponentially with height. The ?ux pro?le of a sand cloud over a gravel surface can be expressed by a Gaussian peak function: q = a + b exp (?0·5((h ? c)/d)²), where q is the sand transport rate at height h, and a, b, c and d are regression coef?cients. The signi?cance of the coef?cients in the function could be de?ned in accordance with the fetch length of the gravel surface and wind velocity. Coef?cient c represents the peak ?ux height and increases with both wind velocity and fetch length, implying that the peak ?ux height is related to the bounce height of the particles in the blowing sand cloud. Coef?cient d shows a tendency to increase with both wind velocity and fetch length. The sum of a and b, representing the peak ?ux, increases with wind velocity but decreases with fetch length. The average saltation height derived from the cumulative percentage curve shows a tendency to increase with both the fetch length and wind velocity. For any fetch length of a gravel surface the sand transport equation is expressed as Q = C(1 ? U_t/U)(ρ/g)U³, where Q is the sand transport rate, U is the wind velocity, U_t is the threshold velocity measured at the same height as U, g is the gravitational acceleration, ρ is the air density, C is a proportionality coef?cient that decreases with the fetch length of the gravel surface. At a given wind velocity, the sand transport rate over a gravel surface is only 52–68 per cent of that over a sandy surface. The ?ux rate in true creep over a gravel surface increases with wind velocity but decreases with the fetch length, whereas the creep proportion (the ratio of creep ?ux to the sand transport rate) decreases with both the wind velocity and fetch length. Two‐variable (including fetch length and wind velocity) equations were developed to predict the peak ?ux height, average saltation height and transport rate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地球磁场g01的变化规律及其影响因素

分析了地球磁场g01项的变化规律及其影响因素,发现g01的变化是地球磁场与外核流体径向运动相互耦合的结果.在任一时刻g01的变化不仅与外核流体的径向运动方式相关,而且还与地球磁场自身的值相关.当g01s02的值相对于其它项较小时,g01遵循线性变化;而当g01s02的值相对较大时,g01则服从指数变化.在临界状态,由于非偶极子服从高斯分布,下一时刻g01是增生还是衰减也将是一个随机过程.     

Spectral analysis of quasi-stationary sea surface topography from GRACE mission

The mean sea surface height (MSSH) refers to the average of the long-term sea height. The quasi-sea surface topography (QSST) is usually defined as the height difference between the MSSH and the geoid. As to 100 years of time yardstick of geodesy, the time that satellite altimetry data sets spanned is relatively shorter, in this paper, the QSST refers to the residual sea surface height (RSSH) that shows the height dif-ference between MSSH derived from altimetry and the geoid[1]. As w…     

新生代透长石SK01作为39Ar-40Ar法定年标准物质的均匀性检验

39Ar-40Ar法定年分析过程中,对标准物质的需求有两个特点,一是需要将被测样品和年龄已知的标准样品同时放在核反应堆中进行快中子照射,标准样品的年龄直接参与被测样品年龄的计算;二是标准样品作为39 Ar-40 Ar法定年中的标尺,要求其年龄和被测样品年龄不宜相差太远,因此需要研制具有不同年龄值的标准物质用于分析不同时代地质样品.本文在研制新生代地质样品39 Ar-40 Ar定年标准物质过程中,通过综合研究,选定了可可西里风火山超浅成石英斑岩中的透长石SK01作为候选标准矿物,按照规定对其39 Ar-40Ar年龄值(特性量值)进行均匀性检验.统计结果显示,特性量值的F值为0.857,小于F临界值2.08,相对标准偏差为0.66％,远小于规定的5％范围,证明本批样品的均匀性良好,符合国家一级标准物质技术规范(JJG 1006-94)要求.模拟运输过程进行颠震试验,试验结果F值为0.00697,远小于F临界值6.59,其相对标准偏差为0.58％,远小于规定的5％范围,证明样品在运输过程中颠震对其均匀性无影响.最小取样量试验表明,在目前的实验条件水平下,为保证标准物质作为准确的年龄标尺的作用,透长石SK01的39 Ar-40 Ar年龄标准物质最小取样量为5 mg.综合检验结果表明,本批所选的新生代透长石SK01样品的均匀性良好,可以用于39Ar-40Ar年龄标准物质的定值分析.     

东海陆架EA01孔沉积物常微量元素变化及其意义

以EA01孔为研究对象，运用元素地球化学数据并辅以古生物、矿物等指标探讨东海中陆架北部的地层划分及物质来源。首先在前人工作的基础上研究常微量元素垂向变化，发现EA01孔沉积物元素地球化学地层学信息可以作为指示地层和古气候信息的良好指标；同时运用因子分析，La/Yb—Ni/Co—Cr/V三角图和U/Th—(Zr+Hf)/(Al2O3+TiO2)散点图等多种方法分析了EA01孔沉积物的物质来源，认为EA01孔沉积物主要来源于长江，其物质成分可能部分受到古气候和沉积环境的影响。     

ZC油田活性剂驱效果评价研究

通过实验物理模拟，确定HABS磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂作为化学驱三次采油的驱油剂，在ZC油田进行了为期一年的矿场先导性试验并做出效果评价，确证HABS表面活性剂驱在ZC油田起到了稳油控水、增产挖潜的作用，有明显的经济效益。     

Interaction between Chlorella vulgaris and bacteria：interference and resource competition

Research of interaction mechanism between Chlorella vulgaris and two bacterial strains(Z-QD08 and Z-QS01)were conducted under laboratory conditions.Growth rates of bacteria and C.vulgaris were tested under co-culture conditions to evaluate the effects of concentrations of C.vulgaris and bacteria on their interactions.To test whether the availability of inorganic nutrients,vitamins and trace metals affects the interactions between C.vulgaris and bacteria,experiments were performed with or without the culture medium filtrate of C.vulgaris or bacteria.The results showed that the growth of C.vulgaris was promoted at low concentrations of bacteria(5×106cells/ml),and expressed a positive correlation with the bacteria density,whereas opposite trend was observed for treatments with high bacteria density(10×106cells/ml and 20×106cells/ml).The growth rate of bacteria decreased with the increasing concentrations of C.vulgaris.The growth of bacteria Z-QD08 was inhibited by C.vulgaris through interference competition,while the mechanism for interaction between bacteria Z-QS01 and C.vulgaris was resource competition.The influence of cell density on the interaction between microalgae and bacteria was also discussed.These experiments confirm some elements of published theory on interactions between heterotrophic bacteria and microalgae and suggest that heterotrophic bacteria play an important role in the development of blooms in natural waters.