东中国海海温的一维模式研究

根据近海深度浅、热容量小的特点，建立了一个一维能量平衡模式，对东中国海年平均海温进行了模拟。模式较好地模拟出了平均海温的经向分布与纬向分布情况，结果与观测基本相符。同时还检验了模式对海温年际变化的模拟能力，得到了较好的结果。最后简要分析了能量平衡模式应用在近海上的优缺点。     

两次降雪天气过程预报中边界层风廓线雷达资料的应用

通过分析2009年10月31日至11月1日和2009年11月9-10日北京两次不同类型降雪天气过程中海淀边界层风廓线仪数据发现:①降雪开始前2h内底层偏东气流建立,且该气流里均有风速突然加强的现象,这对短时临近预报中预报降雪的起始时间有一定参考价值;②700 hPa以上出现冷平流或者冷平流加强且高度降低,也是降雪即将开始的一个特征;③风廓线资料计算得到的温度平流廓线可以较好的反应大气稳定度情况,为判断降雪是否为对流性降雪提供可靠依据.在临近预报中加强风廓线和温度平流的监测,对临近转折性天气的预报有指示意义.     

Laboratory simulation of the salt weathering of schist: II. Fragmentation of fine schist particles

Recent developments in long term landform evolution modelling have created a new demand for quantitative salt weathering data, and in particular data describing the size distribution of the weathered rock fragments. To enable future development of rock breakdown models for use in landscape evolution and soil production models, laboratory work was undertaken to extend existing schist/salt weathering fragmentation studies to include an examination of the breakdown of sub‐millimetre quartz chlorite schist particles in a seasonally wet tropical climate. Laser particle sizing was used to assess the impact of different experimental procedures on the resulting particle size distribution. The results reveal that salt weathering under a range of realistic simulated tropical wet season conditions produces a significant degree of schist particle breakdown. The fragmentation of the schist is characterized by splitting of the larger fragments into mid‐sized product with finer material produced, possibly from the breakdown of mid‐sized fragments when weathering is more advanced. Salinity, the salt addition method and temperature were all found to affect weathering rates. Subtle differences in mineralogy also produce variations in weathering patterns and rates. It is also shown that an increase in drying temperature leads to accelerated weathering rates, however, the geometry of the fracture process is not significantly affected. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GPS-LEO掩星探测地球大气的方法

近年来伴随导航定位技术与无线电掩星技术的结合，一种崭新的遥感地球大气的方法-Global Positioning System/Meteoroloby(GPS/NET)应运而生，该方法可以有效地探测大气温、压、湿等气象参数。本文在介绍利用GPS-LEO掩星技术探测地球大气的原理，以及反演大气参数的方法、步骤的基础上，给出了模拟掩星数据反演出的温度廓线、密度廓线及部分GPS/NET实验数据的初步反演结果。通过分析可以看出，利用掩星技术反演出的温度廓线与大气实际情况相符，并且与ECMWF、NCEP的结果吻合较好。在干空气假设条件下，近地面大气的反演结果与实际情况还存在一定误差，有待深入研究解决。     

长江中下游夏季高温灾害机理及预测

利用我国1961-2003年夏季（6—8月）高温资料，建立长江中下游地区主要城市强高温及高温过程较完整的时间序列，探讨了该地区主要城市高温气候特征。分析该地区南京、杭州、南昌等城市夏季高温灾害机理，东亚副热带高压是造成长江中下游地区城市夏季高温的主要影响系统。在此基础上用均生函数-最佳子回归集构造预测模型，预测夏季月高温出现日数，通过42a高温资料预报检验，有较好的预测效果，值得在业务中应用。     

温度、光强和盐度对鹧鸽菜幼体生长发育的影响

从野外采集鹤鸪菜Ｃａｌｏｇｌｏｓｓａｌｅｐｒｉｅｕｒｉｉ（Ｍｏｎｔ．）Ｊ．Ａｇ．幼体，在室内控制条件下，以温、盐、光等不同条件进行模拟培养试验。所获得的数据经生物统计检验表明：鹧鸪菜幼体生长最适水温为２３℃；光照强度为４０００ｌｘ；海水盐度为１８。此结果与我们多年来在汕头港内观察鹧鸪菜的生长及其季节变化相似。     

2022年9月5日四川泸定MS6.8地震引起的水温同震响应特征分析

基于全国地下流体观测网的水温观测数据,分析2022年9月5日四川泸定 M_S6.8 地震引起的水温同震响应特征,并结合同震静态应变场探讨了水温同震响应机理。结果表明,泸定 M_S6.8 地震水温同震观测点主要分布在龙门山断裂带和川滇菱形块体中南部; 震中距Δ≤500km范围内水温同震以下降—恢复型和上升型为主,水温同震项数及测项比随震中距的增加逐渐减少; 水温同震响应幅度与震中距和地震能量密度显著相关,且随震中距的增加呈指数衰减,随地震能量密度的增加呈指数增大; 水温同震响应持续时间主要集中在1天以内,持续时间随震中距的增加呈指数衰减。     

Remote detection of bare soil moisture using a surface-temperature-based soil evaporation transfer coefficient

An approach for estimating soil moisture is presented and tested by using surface-temperature-based soil evaporation transfer coefficient (h_a), a coefficient recently proposed through the equation h_a = (T_s − T_a)/(T_sd − T_a), where T_s, T_sd, and T_a are land surface temperature (LST), reference soil (dry soil without evaporation) surface temperature, and air temperature respectively. Our analysis and controllable experiment indicated that h_a closely related to soil moisture, and therefore, a relationship between field soil moisture and h_a could be developed for soil moisture estimation. Field experiments were carried out to test the relationship between h_a and soil moisture. Time series Aqua-MODIS images were acquired between 11 Sep. 2006 and 1 Nov. 2007. Then, MODIS derived h_a and simultaneous measured soil moisture for different soil depths were used to establish the relations between the two variables. Results showed that there was a logarithmic relationship between soil moisture and h_a (P < 0.01). These logarithmic models were further validated by introducing another ground-truth data gathered from 46 meteorological stations in Hebei Province. Good agreement was observed between the measured and estimated soil moisture with RMSE of 0.0374 cm³/cm³ and 0.0503 cm³/cm³ for surface energy balance method at two soil depths (10 cm and 20 cm), with RMSE of 0.0467 cm³/cm³ and 0.0581 cm³/cm³ for maximum temperature method at two soil depths. For vegetated surfaces, the ratio of h_a and NDVI suggested to be considered. The proposed approach has a great potential for soil moisture and drought evaluation by remote sensing.     

大尺度大气环流变化及其对北半球冬季温度的影响

近半个世纪来的全球温度的变化表现出有很大的空间尺度和显著的线性趋势 ,许多研究强调温室效应对全球气候变暖的影响。文中的研究表明大尺度的大气环流的变化对北半球冬季温度有很重要的影响。最近一些学者侧重北大西洋涛动 (NAO)和北太平洋涛动 (NPO)的作用 ,而NAO和NPO都是行星尺度大气环流在区域的特殊表现形式。全球西风环流系统可能具有根本性的作用。当西风环流处于高指数时期时 ,则温度偏高 ;当处于低指数时期时 ,则温度偏低。西风强度及NAO和NPO能解释近 50年来北半球冬季温度变化方差的 2 7 2 %。     

乌鲁木齐区域数字遥测台网各子台背景噪声分析

选取乌鲁木齐区域数字遥测台网中 1 1个子台的背景噪声数字记录 ,计算并分析其背景噪声地动速度均方根值 RMS、有效测量动态范围以及噪声功率谱 ,最后确定出各台址背景噪声相对集中的频段