钙碱性火成岩的角闪石全铝压力计 ——回顾、评价和应用实例

定量地获得岩体结晶时的压力,对于探讨其剥蚀深度及了解造山带的构造热演化史等方面有重要意义。对于钙碱性侵入岩而言,可以应用角闪石全铝压力计对钙碱性火成岩结晶压力进行估计。对于不同角闪石压力计公式的选择,前提是满足它们各自的适用条件,否则所得结果没有意义。角闪石全铝压力计不能用于估算A型花岗岩的结晶压力,更不能用于计算变质岩的变质压力。对于结晶温度低于750℃的钙碱性中酸性岩体而言,Anderson和Smith(1995)的温度校正意义不大。Ridolfi等(2010)提出的指数关系角闪石压力计公式适用于钙碱性火山岩中角闪石斑晶的结晶压力估算。Uchida等(2007)的黑云母全铝压力计缺乏理论和实验基础,不建议使用。应用角闪石全铝压力计所得到薛家石梁—黑山寨复式岩体侵位深度的区域变化,指示了云蒙山变质核杂岩下盘的掀斜;低角度正断层(拆离断层)可以通过高角度正断层的掀斜旋转而形成。     

A multidisciplinary study on the emplacement mechanism of the Qingyang–Jiuhua Massif in Southeast China and its tectonic bearings. Part I: Structural geology,AMS and paleomagnetism

During the Cretaceous, the South China Block (SCB) experienced a widely distributed extensional event including numerous plutons emplacement and basin opening. Investigations on the tectonic regime coeval with pluton emplacement, and emplacement mechanism of the pluton remain relatively rare in the SCB. In order to address these questions, a multidisciplinary approach, including field structural and petrographic observations, anisotropy magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and paleomagnetic analyses, was carried out on the Qingyang–Jiuhua granitic massif which intrudes into the Lower Yangtze fold belt in the northeastern part of the SCB. The Qingyang–Jiuhua massif is composed of the granodioritic Qingyang and monzogranitic Jiuhua plutons dated by zircon U–Pb method at ca. 142 Ma, and ca. 131 Ma, respectively. Our structural observations show that the intrusion of the Qingyang–Jiuhua massif does not modify the fold strike. A weak ductile deformation of the country rocks and granitoid can be only observed in the boundary zone with limited contact metamorphism. In the contact aureole of the massif, the foliation follows the pluton contour, and the mineral lineation is rare. When present, it exhibits a down-dip attitude. Field and microstructural observations indicate isotropic magmatic textures in most parts of the massif. The AMS analysis of 93 sites reveals weak values for the anisotropy degree (P_J < 1.2) and oblate magnetic fabric dominance (T > 0) for most of the measured samples. Two principal foliation patterns are identified: horizontal foliations in the center of the plutons, and vertical foliations on the boundaries. Magnetic lineation strike is largely scattered, and weakly inclined at the scale of the entire massif. The paleomagnetic investigations indicate that (a) the younger Jiuhua pluton did not produce a remagnetization in the older Qingyang pluton, (b) no relative movement can be observed between these two plutons, (c) the entire massif did not experience any important relative movement with respect to South China, considering the paleomagnetic uncertainties. Integrating the newly obtained results with previous observations, our study favors a permissive emplacement mechanism for the two plutons, i.e. vertical magma intrusion into an opening space controlled by the NW–SE brittle stretching of the upper crust, which is in agreement with a weak extensional regional tectonic framework of the SCB.     

The significance of magmatic erosion for bifurcation of UG1 chromitite layers in the Bushveld Complex

One of the most puzzling features of the UG1 chromitite layers in the famous exposures at Dwars River, Eastern Bushveld Complex, is the bifurcation, i.e. convergence and divergence of layers along strike that isolate lenses of anorthosite. The bifurcations have been variously interpreted as resulting from: (1) the intermittent accumulation of plagioclase on the chamber floor as lenses, terminated by crystallization of continuous chromitite layers (the depositional model); (2) late-stage injections of chromite mush or chromite-saturated melt along anastomosing fractures that dismembered semi-consolidated plagioclase cumulates (the intrusive model); (3) post-depositional deformation of alternating plagioclase and chromite cumulates, resulting in local amalgamation of chromitite layers and anorthosite lenses that wedge out laterally (the deformational model). None of these hypotheses account satisfactorily for the following field observations: (a) wavy and scalloped contacts between anorthosite and chromitite layers; (b) abrupt lateral terminations of thin anorthosite layers within chromitite; (c) in situ anorthosite inclusions with highly irregular contacts and delicate wispy tails within chromitite; many of these inclusions are contiguous with footwall and hanging wall cumulates; (d) transported anorthosite fragments enclosed by chromitite; (e) disrupted anorthosite and chromitite layers overlain by planar chromitite; (f) protrusions of chromitite into underlying anorthosite; (g) merging of chromitite layers around anorthosite domes. We propose a novel hypothesis that envisages basal flows of new dense and superheated magma that resulted in intense thermo-chemical erosion of the temporary floor of the chamber. The melting and dissolution of anorthosite was patchy and commonly inhibited by chromitite layers, resulting in lens-like remnants of anorthosite resting on continuous layers of chromitite. On cooling, the magma crystallized chromite on the irregular chamber floor, draping the remnants of anorthosite and merging with pre-existing chromitite layers excavated by erosion. With further cooling, the magma crystallized chromite-bearing anorthosite. Emplacement of multiple pulses of magma led to repetition of this sequence of events, resulting in a complex package of anorthosite lenses and bifurcating chromitite layers. This hypothesis is the most satisfactory explanation for most of the features of this enigmatic igneous layering in the Bushveld Complex.     

Emplacement Mechanism of the Akebasitao Pluton: Implications for Regional Tectonic Evolution of West Junggar, NW China

Late Carboniferous to Early Permian A-type granites are extensively distributed throughout the West Junggar region, NW China, and the Akebasitao pluton is extremely distinguished among these plutons. In this paper, we reported new anisotropy of magnetic susceptible (AMS) data combine with detailed field study and audio magnetotelluric (AMT) sounding to assess the three-dimensional shape and magmatic emplacement mechanism of the Akebasitao pluton. The geological features and the AMT sounding indicate that the pluton had a slightly oblique movement of magma from northwest to southeast, which was most likely to correspond to an asymmetrical torch with a laccolith-shaped upper part, and a lower part formed by sub-vertical “root” that was located within its northwestern part, probably controlled by the NE-trending Anqi fault. The AMS fabrics of all the specimens reveal a low Pj value (mean of 1.02) and a low T value (mean of ?0.024), suggesting that the deformation of the AMS ellipsoid is relatively weak. The specimens exhibit both oblate and prolate shapes of the AMS ellipsoid. Magnetic lineations and foliations are randomly distributed throughout the pluton without any preferred orientation. These AMS patterns indicate that the pluton formed in a relatively stable structural environment with no regional extrusion. Therefore, we propose a complex emplacement process in which the magmas reached the shallower crust levels via deep-faults and subsequently occupied the room created by doming, accompanied by stoping near the pluton roof. Additionally, the regional tectonic setting was relatively stable during the emplacement of the Akebasitao pluton, indicating the termination of compressional orogeny during the late Late Carboniferous in the West Junggar region. This conclusion perfectly coincides with the regional tectonic paleogeography, magmatic system, and paleostress field.     

The Las Chacras-Potrerillos batholith (Pampean Ranges,Argentina): structural evidences,emplacement and timing of the intrusion

Within the southern part of the Sierra Pampeanas (the Sierra de San Luis, Argentina), a series of extensive intrusive bodies are regarded to post-date the Famatinian cycle but were emplaced during the Achalian, a period of heterogeneous deformation along crustal scale fault zones. The largest of those is the Las Chacras-Potrerillos batholith that is situated at the northern end of the transpressive, sinistral Guzmán shear zone. This composite pluton exhibits three sub-domains that comprise two granitoid sub-units each: The southern Potrerillos stock (muscovite-bearing red granite and biotite-bearing red granite) and the central (biotite porphyritic granite and giant porphyritic granite) and northern domain (equigranular granite and porphyritic granite) of the Las Chacras stock. The crystallisation ages of the biotite porphyritic granite is around 381 Ma (U/Pb on zircons and Pb/Pb on sphene), while the host rock was already cooled below 350 °C at 420 Ma. Thermal modelling approaches favour a pulsed intrusion with a duration of 1.5 Ma. The emplacement was followed by rapid cooling below the muscovite cooling temperature. Biotite cooling ages in different sub-units reflect either a long-lasting cooling history of approximately 30 Ma (which is supported by the modelling) or a reheating effect at around 350 Ma. Devonian-age determinations on the fault rocks and granitoids point to a syn-tectonic emplacement of the batholith. The pluton is interpreted to be positioned at the crossover of sinistral shear zones. The origin of this NNE directed extensional setting in a transpressive regime seems to be related to the transfer of displacement along a secondary set of NNW-trending sinistral faults. The final emplacement is due to a subsequent ballooning of the batholith following the direction of space creation. This model is based on the relative timing of the emplacement sequence and macroscopically visible planar fabrics in the field as well as magnetic fabric data. Our results indicate that the emplacement is syn-kinematic with respect to the Achalian deformation event.     

岩石密度测量在黑龙江伊春地区花岗岩体就位机制研究中的应用

通过对伊春地区花岗岩体的密度特征的研究,认为该区晚奥陶世花岗岩体的侵位以构造扩展机制为主,气球膨胀作用为辅,最后发生了顶蚀作用.晚石炭世花岗岩是以强力旋转上升定位的气球膨胀作用机制为主,构造扩展机制为辅.晚三叠世-早侏罗世二长、正长花岗岩体就位过程中构造扩展机制起主导作用,岩浆底辟作用也较强;早侏罗世碱性花岗岩体岩浆就位过程中以强力的气球膨胀作用为主,构造扩展机制为辅.     

油气成藏^40Ar-^39Ar定年难题与可行性分析

油气成藏作用伴生的矿物种类少,主要为碳酸盐矿物,以及少量石英和黄铁矿等,这些矿物均不适合用传统同位素年代学方法进行年龄测定,因此,油气成藏年龄是同位素年代学尚未解决的一大科学难题。^40Ar-^39Ar（K-Ar）法是可能应用于油气成藏年龄测定的首选同位素定年方法。从^40Ar-^39Ar法的优点和实验技术的角度,讨论了油气田样品^40Ar-^39Ar定年面临的主要技术难题、测定对象、测定方法和可行性。有机杂质气体纯化装置的研制成功,为开展油气成藏^40Ar-^39Ar年代学研究,并获得可靠的同位素年龄数据奠定了实验技术基础。     

花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄与全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄对比研究及其地球化学意义

对国内外32个花岗岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄与全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄之间差值（Δt）进行的频数统计分析表明：Δt呈对称正态分布（偏度系数CSK=0.36;峰度系数CKU=2.99）;年龄差（Δt）既呈正值又有负值,其均值为2.08Ma;相对年龄差（Rt）小于5%。采用最小二乘法计算,花岗岩体锆石U-Pb年龄（tZr）对全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄（tRb）拟合出相关系数很高（r=0.998）,回归系数接近l（α=1.003）的线性回归方程（tRb =1.003tZr +1.258）。这些统计特征表明,从总体来看,花岗岩体的Rb-Sr等时线定年测定结果与锆石U-Pb定年测定结果是一致的,花岗岩全岩Rb-Sr等时线定年方法是成熟、可信的,同时也为花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄代表结晶年龄而不代表花岗岩侵位年龄提供了依据。     

High-temperature emplacement and liquefaction of shallow-water caldera-forming eruption products: Early Miocene Tateyamazaki Dacite in the Oga Peninsula, NE Japan

The Early Miocene Tateyamazaki Dacite infills a 3.2 km diameter caldera. It comprises poorly sorted, massive, biotite-bearing dacite pumice lapilli tuff, in which huge blocks of densely welded dacite lapilli tuff, basaltic andesite lava, and other lithologies are commonly set. Dense blocks are variably cracked and intruded by the host lapilli tuff. Sparse blocks of bedded lapilli tuff and tuff are variably disaggregated to intermingle with the host rocks or are plastically deformed into irregular shapes. Rootless tuff veins millimeters to 30 cm thick are developed within the host rocks, mainly dipping at 10–30°, and are locally branched and mutually cut to form a network. Where thicker, they are stratified and locally carry accidental fragments. Accidental lapilli up to 2 or 3 cm wide and 30 cm long are locally set in near-vertical and variably sinuous arrays. Although poorly defined they are reminiscent of fluid escape structures. The host pumice lapilli tuff, however, retains in part a thermal remnant magnetization (TRM) vector stable at temperatures above 280 °C. Blocks in the caldera fill also retain TRM but the vectors are rotated significantly from those of the host pumice lapilli tuff and the adjacent volcanic rocks. Tateyamazaki Dacite is thus likely to have been emplaced at high temperatures, and intermingled with shattered basement rocks and ambient water to be partly liquefied within the caldera immediately after or during the caldera-forming eruption.     

阿尔泰可可托海3号脉花岗伟晶岩侵位机制、熔-流体演化、稀有金属富集机理及待解之谜

新疆阿尔泰可可托海3号脉以独特的实心礼帽形态、完美的同心环状结构分带和复杂的稀有金属矿化组合闻名于世,是我国最重要的稀有金属矿床之一。可可托海3号脉伟晶岩岩浆具有不均一性和高度演化特征。伟晶岩岩浆沿缓倾斜节理上侵,在周缘断裂的帮助下通过岩浆顶蚀形成实心礼帽形态。岩浆就位后经历了岩浆阶段、岩浆-热液阶段和热液阶段,分别伴随Be-Nb-Ta、Li-Be-Nb-Ta和Ta-Cs-Rb-Hf矿化。结晶分异作用和液相不混溶控制着3号脉的稀有金属富集和沉淀序列,流体交代可影响稀有金属再分配。外部带(Ⅰ～Ⅳ带)的强烈结晶分异过程和发生于Ⅳ带与Ⅴ带间的流体大规模出溶,有利于岩浆达到锂饱和浓度,开始锂的大规模沉淀。指出熔-流体演化过程的精细刻画、稀有金属成矿机理的进一步解析、岩浆成因的深入探讨、挥发分P、F、B、Li和CO₂对稀有金属成矿的影响以及缓倾斜帽沿深部找矿为未来研究方向。