Bulk arc strain,crustal thickening,magma emplacement,and mass balances in the Mesozoic Sierra Nevada arc

Quantifying crustal deformation is important for evaluating mass balance, material transfer, and the interplay between tectonism and magmatism in continental arcs. We present a dataset of >650 finite strain analyses compiled from published works and our own studies with associated structural, geochronologic, and geobarometric information in central and southern Sierra Nevada, California, to quantify the arc crust deformation. Our results show that Mesozoic tectonism results in 65% arc-perpendicular bulk crust shortening under a more or less plane strain condition. Mesozoic arc magmatism replaced ∼80% of this actively deforming arc crust with plutons requiring significantly greater crustal thickening. We suggest that by ∼85 Ma, the arc crust thickness was ∼80 km with a 30-km-thick arc root, resulting in a ∼5 km elevation. Most tectonic shortening and magma emplacement must be accommodated by downward displacements of crustal materials into growing crustal roots at the estimated downward transfer rate of 2–13 km/Myr. The downward transfer of crustal materials must occur in active magma channels, or in “escape channels” in between solidified plutons that decrease in size with time and depth resulting in an increase in the intensity of constrictional strain with depth. We argue that both tectonism and magmatism control the thickness of the crust and surface elevation with slight modification by surface erosion. The downward transported crustal materials initially fertilize the MASH zone thus enhancing to the generation of additional magmas. As the crustal root grows it may potentially pinch out and cool the mantle wedge and thus cause reduction of arc magmatism.     

新疆西准噶尔北部和布克赛尔蛇绿混杂岩的厘定及其洋盆闭合时代限定

本文通过详细野外地质勘查,识别出新疆西准噶尔北部和布克赛尔蛇绿混杂岩中三种不同类型的岩石组合,即:由变质橄榄岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩墙、玄武岩和硅质岩组成的典型蛇绿岩单元;主要由洋岛玄武岩组成的大洋岛屿单元,在野外见与硅质岩、硅质泥岩和灰岩相伴产出;由变流纹岩组成的后碰撞期火山岩单元。蛇绿岩中的辉长岩和辉绿岩无明显Eu异常;(La/Yb)N值介于0.54~3.18之间,REE配分型式呈现微弱的轻稀土亏损或富集,兼具E-MORB和N-MORB的特征。洋岛玄武岩具有高的Al_2O_3(13.66%~15.83%)、TiO_2(2.62%~3.15%)和Na_2O+K_2O(5.71%~7%),稀土元素含量高,显示明显的右倾模式,高场强元素Ti、Zr相对富集。变流纹岩具有高硅和钾,极低的MgO,MnO和CaO,不相容元素(K,Rb,Th,U,Pb)强烈富集,Sr,P,Ti显著亏损,Nb和Ta相对弱亏损的特点,形成于造山后伸展环境,其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果为435±2Ma。变流纹岩底垫贯穿或底垫侵入于蛇绿岩不同的单元组分中(橄榄岩、辉绿岩和玄武岩等),说明和布克赛尔蛇绿岩所代表的洋盆在早志留世晚期之前已经闭合。     

河北沽源460铀矿床主矿段矿体空间定位机制

460矿床构造几何学和运动学特征研究表明,460矿床构造格架是在大致自北西而南东的构造应力作用下,F45断裂带右行扭动并与F’45相互作用所形成。结合主矿段容矿构造产状和分布特征,提出矿区北西向反S形或弧形张-张扭性断裂是F45断裂的派生构造,是矿床定位的决定性因素;由陡倾断裂和缓倾地层组成的"断裂-地层圈闭"是矿床定位的另一重要因素。铀成矿作用与晚侏罗世—早白垩世火山作用没有直接的成因联系,而是与区域上强烈构造活动时期的构造活动密切相关。次流纹斑岩的侵入和两次铀成矿作用在时间上与区域上的强烈构造运动时期相对应,是区域构造演化不同阶段的产物,二者没有必然的因果关系。     

成岩作用与油气侵位对松辽盆地齐家—古龙凹陷扶杨油层物性的影响

对松辽盆地齐家—古龙地区扶杨油层砂岩岩石学特征、孔隙类型与物性特征、胶结物种类及成岩作用特点及其分布与变化规律的详细研究表明:扶杨油层主要的成岩作用包括机械压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀溶解作用。压实作用是导致砂岩储层质量变差的主要原因之一,可使孔隙度减少0.2%～22%;方解石是造成扶杨油层砂岩物性降低的主要胶结物,其次是石英次生加大;晚成岩阶段发生的油气侵位未能阻止石英的次生加大和部分自生矿物的沉淀;油气侵位后生成的酸性孔隙流体和通过断裂带渗入的大气水淋滤造成大量长石和方解石的溶蚀溶解,对储层物性起到了一定的改善作用。     

Emplacement and deformation of the Wyangala Batholith,New South Wales

The Wyangala Batholith, in the Lachlan Fold Belt of New South Wales, is pre‐tectonic with respect to the deformation that caused the foliation in the granite, and was emplaced during a major thermal event, perhaps associated with dextral shearing, during the Late Silurian to Early Devonian Bowning Orogeny. This followed the first episode of folding in the enclosing Ordovician country rocks. Intrusion was facilitated by upward displacement of fault blocks, with local stoping. Weak magmatic flow fabrics are present. After crystallization of the granite, a swarm of mafic dykes intruded both the granite and country rock, possibly being derived from the same tectonic regime responsible for emplacement of the Wyangala Batholith. A contact aureole surrounding the granite contains cordierite‐biotite and cordierite‐andalusite assemblages. Slaty cleavage produced in the first deformation was largely obliterated by recrystallization in the contact aureole.

Postdating granite emplacement and basic dyke intrusion, a second regional deformation was accompanied by regional metamorphism ranging from lower greenschist to albite‐epidote‐amphibolite facies, and produced tectonic foliations, termed S and C, in the granite, and a foliation, S₂, in the country rocks. Contact metamorphic rocks underwent retrogressive regional metamorphism at this time. S formed under east‐west shortening and vertical extension, concurrently with S₂. C surfaces probably formed concurrently with S and indicate reverse fault motion on west‐dipping ductile shear surfaces. The second deformation may be related to Devonian or Early Carboniferous movement on the Copperhannia Thrust east of the Wyangala Batholith.     

Magma-induced strain localization in centrifuge models of transfer zones

Scaled centrifuge experiments have been used to investigate the dynamic relations between deformation and magma distribution in rift-related transfer zones. The physical models were built using suitable analogue materials, such as sand to represent the brittle upper crust, various kinds of silicone mixtures to simulate the lower crust and upper mantle and glycerol to reproduce magma. Models simulated the development of transfer zones across pre-existing glycerol reservoirs placed at the base of the analogue continental crust. In plan view, different geometries, dimensions and positions of subcrustal reservoirs were reproduced in three different sets of experiments; to compare results, models were also performed without magma-simulating glycerol.Set 1 experiments, incorporating a narrow rectangular glycerol reservoir, show that the low-viscosity material is able to localise deformation into the overlying crust, giving rise to discrete transfer zones. This concentrated surface deformation corresponds at depth to major magma accumulation. Set 2 experiments, with an initial wide squared glycerol reservoir, show instead that deformation is distributed across the whole model surface, corresponding at depth to relatively minor magma accumulation. Set 3 experiments explored various positions of a small squared reservoir that invariably localised faulting in the overlying analogue brittle crust at the onset of model deformation.The overall model behaviour suggests that magma distribution at depth can effectively control the strain distribution in the overlying crust and the deformative pattern of transfer zones. Strain distribution, in turn, may control magma emplacement as localized deformation would favour major accumulation of magma at transfer zones. Coupled to a strong thermal weakening of the country rocks, this process may ultimately lead to a positive feedback interaction between magma and deformation.     

试论闽西南西溪超单元组合的建立及岩体构造特征

本文总结了闽西南西溪超单元组合的建立依据，系统地阐述了各超单元，单元的侵位变形特征，探讨了侵位机制与区域构造的关系指出岩体构造研究在区域地质调查中的重要意义。     

Subduction of continental margins and the uplift of high-pressure metamorphic rocks

The mechanism by which high-pressure metamorphosed continental material is emplaced at high structural levels is a major unsolved problem of collisional orogenesis. We suggest that the emplacement results from partial subduction of the continental margin which, because of its high flexural rigidity, produces a rapid change in the trajectory of the descending slab. We assume a two-fold increase in effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere as the continental margin approaches the subduction zone, and calculate the flexural profile of a thin plate for progressive downward migration of the zone of increased rigidity. We assess the effect of changes in the flexural profile on the overlying accretionary prism and mantle wedge as the continent approaches by estimating the extra stresses that are imposed on the wedge due to the bending moment exerted by the continental part of the plate. The wedges overlying the subduction zones, and the subducting slab itself, experience substantial extra compressional stress at depths of around 100 km, and extensional stress at shallower depths, as the continental margin passes through the zone of maximum curvature. The magnitudes of such extra stresses are probably adequate to effect significant deformation of the wedge and/or the descending plate, and are experienced in a time interval of less than 5 m.y. for typical subduction rates. The spatial variation of yield stresses in the region of the wedge and descending slab indicates that much of this deformation may be taken up in the crustal part of the descending slab, which is the weakest region in the deeper parts of the subduction zone. This may result in rapid upward migration of the crust of the partially subducted continental margin, against the flow of subduction. High-pressure metamorphosed terranes emplaced by the mechanism envisaged in this paper would be bounded by thrust faults below and normal faults above. Movement on the faults would have been coeval, and would have resulted in rapid unroofing of the high-pressure terranes, synchronous with arrival of the continental margin at the subduction zone and, therefore, relatively early in the history of a collisional orogen.     

金川铜镍硫化物矿床岩浆成矿作用的偏在性

偏在性是指形成超大型、大型矿床的特殊成矿条件和成矿位置。在论述金川岩体母岩浆的形成、演化、深部熔离和分期上侵就位的全过程成矿作用的基础上，通过和国内外同类矿床对比，阐明了金川矿床的偏在性。这种偏在性主要表现为，它既具备形成超大型岩浆硫化物矿床的６项条件，又具备小侵入岩体成大矿的３项条件。所以，金川矿床的“偏在性”构成了世界上最主要的岩浆硫化物矿床类型之一：元古代与大陆边缘裂谷有关的二辉橄榄岩小侵入体矿床     

陕西佛坪五龙岩体的形成环境及其意义

地质地球化学特征表明，佛坪地区五龙岩体形成于扬子板块和秦岭微板块碰撞的晚期阶段，属同碰撞型花岗岩。岩浆以穹窿作用的方式主动上隆侵位，岩浆活动对佛坪穹窿核部基底结晶杂岩的抬升及佛坪穹窿的形成具有重要的动力学意义。