Current Status of Textile Industry Wastewater Management and Research Progress in Malaysia: A Review

Textile industry is one of the fastest growing industries and significantly contributes to the economic growth in Malaysia. However, this industry also has high water consumption and subsequently produces high discharge rate of wastewater with high load of contaminants. The release of dyes into the environment during textile fiber dyeing and finishing processes is a main source of water pollution. Individual wastewater treatment through physical, biological, or chemical method is often very costly and results in large amount of sludge. Thus, there is a need to look for alternative treatment processes that covers from pre to post wastewater treatment stage. This paper reviews the current scenario with respect to textile industry effluent in Malaysia and technologies available for the treatment of the effluent. Prospects, challenges, and recommendations for future direction as well as on‐going research works dedicated to the treatment of textile wastewater are also reviewed in detail.     

A stochastic model for 3-dimensional flow patterns in infiltration experiments

Modelling the 3-dimensional water flux at field scale is important for the design and the analysis of dye tracer experiments. Furthermore, it enables the estimation of the risk to groundwater by pollutants, and the visualisation and classification of flux patterns. A stochastic model is presented that allows for the modelling of a wide range of flow patterns in soils as they appear in dye tracer experiments. The leading idea is that infiltrating water runs along paths, not necessarily preferential ones, and water spreads into the soil uniformly from the paths into the matrix. The model is essentially based on a Poisson point process and three independent random fields. The point process defines the starting points of the paths at the surface. The values of two random fields determine the course of the paths. The third random field governs the depth of the infiltration front. As an extension of the model, we present two simulated examples for stratified soils.     

中国和田玉玉文化叙要

本文拟通过和田玉玉器在史前三大玉板块、文明时代各个王朝玉文化所处的帝王玉的中流砥柱般的强力地位及其诸多侧面,论述其玉、玉文化独有的德、符优势及其光辉的艺术典范.     

和田玉、玛纳斯碧玉和岫岩老玉的拉曼光谱研究

拉曼光谱测定的28件闪石岩类玉石样品中,除玛纳斯碧玉是阳起石外,其他均为透闪石.其拉曼光谱图基本一致,但因受其含FeO量多少的控制,拉曼光谱图也存在一些差别.     

Field measurement of the velocity of overland flow using dye tracing

A new method of computing the mean velocity of overland flow using dye tracing is proposed in which a specified cross-section is divided into zones of relatively uniform flow characteristics, termed partial sections. The mean surface velocity for each partial section is determined by timing the passage of injected dye, and this figure is multiplied by 0.67, 0.70, or 0.80, depending on whether the flow is laminar, transitional, or turbulent, to give mean velocity. The mean velocity for the entire cross-section is calculated by multiplying the mean velocity of each partial section by its cross-sectional area, summing the products for all the partial sections, and dividing by the total area of the cross-section. A field test shows that mean velocity derived in this manner differs from mean velocity derived by the discharge method (i.e. by dividing discharge measured volumetrically by cross-sectional area) by an average of only 7.07 per cent. Thus the partial-section technique appears to provide a reliable method of estimating mean velocity of overland flow.     

Characterisation and origin of New Zealand nephrite jade using its strontium isotopic signature

Nephrite jade occurs in three terranes (Dun Mountain–Maitai, Caples and Torlesse) in New Zealand, where it is associated with ultramafic and ophiolitic rocks in narrow metasomatic reaction zones at the margins of serpentinite (having harzburgite/gabbro/dolerite precursors) with silicic metasediments and metavolcanics. True nephrite fabrics are developed only locally where marginal shearing is intense, and late in the metamorphic history. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of these nephrites do not display the primitive values of their gabbro/dolerite precursor component i.e. 0.7030–0.7035, as expected if formed during serpentinisation. Rather, the nephrites have more evolved ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values inherited from the metasediment component at a later stage, and which fall within particular terrane groups: Dun Mountain–Maitai 0.7045–0.7060, Caples 0.7058–0.7075 and Torlesse 0.7085–0.7110. Rb–Sr ages and initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the metasediment component from in situ nephrite localities, when compared with their counterparts throughout the host terrane, show that nephrite Sr isotopic compositions are characteristic of the host terrane.     

福建河田高分异花岗岩的矿物和全岩地球化学找矿标志研究

我国的华南地区是一个钨、锡、钼、铋、铀、铌钽、铅锌、稀有、稀土多金属成矿区。近年来,高精度年代学数据表明上述矿产集中爆发形成于晚侏罗世的165~150Ma。野外和实验证据表明,花岗岩可以划分为高分异花岗岩、低分异花岗岩和未分异花岗岩。从目前的研究结果来看,钨、锡、铌钽、锂、铍等成矿作用都与高分异花岗岩密切相关。建立与这些矿产有关高分异花岗岩的普适性的矿物学、矿物地球化学和全岩地球化学的指标,有助于判断植被覆盖严重和风化严重地区、数据积累较少的岩体的成矿潜力。位于福建省长汀县境内的河田花岗岩体新鲜露头少,大部分岩体都掩盖在厚厚的风化层下,且植被覆盖严重,但是该岩体中已发现多处锡、钨、铅锌矿(化)点。本研究发现,该岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄、石榴子石和全岩地球化学特征与江西西华山第二期成矿花岗岩具有高度相似性,因此推断河田岩体可能具有成钨锡多金属(超)大型矿的成矿潜力。此外,当花岗岩向高分异阶段不断演化的过程中,某些元素比值(例如Rb/Sr、Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta)可以作为衡量岩浆的结晶分异程度的参数;西华山和河田花岗岩在达到熔体-流体相互作用阶段时,全岩Zr含量和Zr/Hf比值大概在Zr=50×10-6和Zr/Hf=15处发生转折。同时,与不成矿花岗岩中的石榴子石相比,成矿花岗岩中石榴子石的Sn、Y和Yb元素含量明显升高,可达2~10倍,因此,高分异花岗岩的石榴子石的微量元素特征可能是重要的找矿标志之一。     

和田地震台阵勘址测量与数据分析

介绍了新疆和田地震台阵候选台址现场勘址测量及后续数据处理分析等内容,为确定台阵的最终台址和子台布局提供了可靠的数据基础。     

4-D inversion of DC resistivity monitoring data acquired over a dynamically changing earth model

Geophysical monitoring is used principally to interpret the locations and amounts of ground condition changes. To achieve these objectives, differences are computed and examined using time-lapse images calculated under the time-invariant static assumption, that any material property changes during the data measurement can be practically ignored. These monitored data, however, can be contaminated with noise and frequently generate false anomalies of ground condition changes. Furthermore, the assumption of the static model can be invalid if the material property changes significantly during data acquisition. To alleviate these problems, we developed a new least-squares inversion algorithm that allows for the subsurface properties to continuously change in time. We define the subsurface structure and the entire monitoring data in the space–time domain, allowing us to obtain a four-dimensional space–time model using just one inversion process. We introduce the regularizations not only in the space domain but also in time, resulting in reduced inversion artifacts and improved stability of the inverse problem. We demonstrated the performance of the proposed algorithm through numerical experiments that assumed several scenarios of ground condition changes and data acquisition sequences. Finally, the applicability to field data was proven by applying the developed algorithm to the monitoring data of crosshole resistivity tomography jointly performed with a dye tracer flooding experiment. This experiment had a small enough scale that we could not ignore the change of material properties during the data measurement.     

The Tashisayi nephrite deposit from South Altyn Tagh,Xinjiang,northwest China

The Tashisayi nephrite deposit is located in South Altyn Tagh.in Qiemo County,Xinjiang Province,northwest China.It is a recent discovery in the vast,well-known Kunlun-Altyn nephrite belt distributed along the south of the Tarim Basin,producing more than half of the nephrite from the whole belt in 2017.Field investigations revealed that it is a dolomitic marble-related(D-type)nephrite deposit,but little is known about its age of formation and relationships between the granites and marble.Here we report field investigations,petrography of the neph rite,as well as petrography,geochemistry,geochronology of the zoisite-quartz altered intrusive rock and adjacent granites.An A-type granite is identified with a SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age of 926± 7 Ma,suggesting it was emplaced in an extensional tectonic environment at that time.The altered intrusive rock has a cluster of U-Pb zircon age of 433± 10 Ma.with similar trace element features to the A-type granite,suggesting it was formed in an extensional regime at this later time.Nephrite formed because of the metasomatism of dolomite marble by hydrothermal fluids.It is inferred that Ca~(2+) was released from the dolomitic marble by metasomatism forming Ca-rich fluids,which caused alteration of both the intrusive rocks(6.00-8.22 wt.% CaO)and granite(1.76-3.68 wt.% CaO)near the nephrite ore bodies.It is also inferred that Fe2+ from the granite migrated towards the dolomite marble.The fluids gave rise to the formation of Ca-minerals.such as zoisite,in the nephrite and altered intrusive rock,and epidote in the granite.Based on the contact relationships.similarity in hydrothermal processes,and consumption of Ca~(2+),the Tashisayi nephrite is considered to have formed at the same time as the alteration of the intrusive rocks,i.e.～433 Ma.The geochronological similarity(～926 Ma.433 Ma)of South Altyn and North Qaidam may suggest that tectonically they belong to one single complex in the past,which was offset by the Altyn Tagh fault(ATF).The similar formation ages of the nephrites from Altyn Tagh(433 Ma)and the previously studied areas of West Kunlun(378-441 Ma)and East Kunlun(416 Ma)indicate that these nephrites formed during the closure of Proto-Tethys and in the accompanving post-collisional.extensional environment.