新疆东准噶尔地区姜巴斯套组岩石学特征及构造意义

新疆东准噶尔地区姜巴斯套组构造上位于卡拉麦里断裂和清水—苏吉泉断裂之间,本文根据该套地层的野外地质特征、岩石学特征及古生物化石特征,讨论其形成时代。同时结合前人对卡拉麦里蛇绿岩研究的资料,以及蛇绿岩被早石炭统姜巴斯套组不整合覆盖,确定该洋盆闭合早于早石炭世,这对探讨东准地区构造演化有重要的科学意义。     

藏北多龙斑岩铜金矿集区综合信息找矿模型研究

藏北多龙矿集区产出环境和成矿动力学背景在青藏高原斑岩铜矿中独具特色,目前已经发现了多龙、多不杂、拿若、荣那等超大型—大型斑岩铜(金)矿,其有效找矿模式亟待研究总结。典型矿床的综合信息找矿模型研究对于进一步开展矿体定位预测具有重要意义。研究认为多龙矿集区铜金矿体产于花岗闪长斑岩体内及岩体边部的黄铁绢英岩化和青磐岩化变质(长石)石英砂岩及火山岩中。自含矿斑岩体中心向外存在中心对称分布的3个蚀变带,依次为弱钾化带、绢英岩化带和黄铁矿化-角岩化带。根据地、物、化、遥异常套合特征,划分出"三带五田"。"三带"为呈北西向雁列状排列的拿若—色那—尕尔勤铜金矿带、多不杂—波龙—铁格隆南铜金钼矿带和地堡那木岗铜金矿带;"五田"为拿若—赛角—荣那矿田、尕尔勤矿田、地堡那木岗矿田、波龙—多不杂矿田和铁格隆南矿田,并分别厘定了各矿田的基本组成与矿床地质特征。通过地、物、化综合异常分析,建立了"四位一体"找矿模式。指出铁帽、孔雀石化和蚀变花岗闪长斑岩体为地表寻找斑岩铜矿的直接标志;低磁异常间接反映遭受蚀变的花岗闪长斑岩体成矿母岩;激电高极化异常直接反映斑岩型铜矿体两翼的黄铁矿化带,间接反映硫化物带包裹着铜矿体;Cu、Au元素高异常反映成矿元素的区域富集。以此为基础,对拿若、荣那矿区掩埋矿体运用了"四位一体"找矿模式,发现隐伏斑岩型铜矿床。     

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带北缘多龙矿集区晚三叠世—侏罗纪增生杂岩结构及其对成矿地质背景的约束

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带北缘多龙斑岩铜金矿集区出露的晚三叠世—体罗纪增生杂岩属总体无序、局部有序的非史密斯地层,由基质和块体2个部分组成.基质为晚三叠世—侏罗纪砂泥质复理石建造,块体由大小不等的玄武岩、安山玄武岩、灰岩、砂岩、硅质岩、辉长岩、超基性岩等组成.增生杂岩系变形强烈,发育强烈的构造置换作用,块体与基质之间由透入性挤压面理、剪切面理或韧性剪切断层分隔,为典型造山带大陆增生边缘的增生杂岩.多龙斑岩铜矿的含矿斑岩体侵位于侏罗纪增生杂岩系或以侏罗纪增生杂岩系为基底的岛弧型火山岩系中,属增生楔基础上发育的具有超大型潜力的岛弧型斑岩铜金矿床,其外围的拿若、色拉、拿顿、地保那木岗、鹫山、铁格龙和尕尔勤等系列铜金铅锌矿床点,在空间上均赋存于早白垩世花岗闪长斑岩体内部及其与侏罗纪增生杂岩系的内外接触带中,受矿集区北东向走滑断裂的控制,呈北东向成群展布,二者具有相似的成矿环境与成矿条件,其深部可能存在统一的斑岩型铜金铅锌矿床,属于统一的斑岩浅成低温热液成矿系统.班公湖-怒江缝合带北缘多龙矿集区晚三叠世—侏罗纪增生杂岩的识别,为正确认识多龙超大型斑岩铜金矿床的成矿地质背景和缝合带的演化提供了新的线索.     

Petrochemical characterization of mafic rocks from the Ligurian ophiolites,southern Apennines

New mineralogical and chemical data for ophiolitic rocks from the southwesternmost Liguride Units are presented in order to constrain their ocean-floor origin and subsequent emplacement in an accretionary wedge. Their complete petrochemical evolution is particularly well preserved in the southern Apennine metabasites. Metadolerites show amphibolite and greenschist facies mineral assemblages of ocean-floor metamorphism. Metabasalts display greenschist facies ocean-floor metamorphism and spilitic alteration. Veins cutting the mafic rocks show mineral assemblage of the prehnite–pumpellyite metamorphic facies. HP/LT orogenic metamorphism, reflecting underplating of the ophiolitic suite at the base of the Liguride accretionary wedge during subduction of the western Tethys oceanic lithosphere produced a mineral assemblage typical of the lawsonite–glaucophane facies. Bulk-rock chemistry suggests that the mafic protoliths had a MORB-type affinity, and were affected by ocean-floor rodingitic and/or spilitic alteration. Hydrothermal alteration-induced LREE mobility and LREE enrichment may be correlated with the ocean-floor metamorphism.     

Geochronology,petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the Jurassic Namco–Renco ophiolites,Tibet

The nature of the Namco–Renco ophiolites in the northern Lhasa subterrane is widely disputed. To investigate their formation age, petrogenesis, and tectonic setting, the harzburgites, basalts, and metagabbros of the Namco ophiolite and the harzburgites, lherzolites, gabbros, and diabasic dikes of the Renco ophiolite were selected for whole-rock geochemical and zircon U-Pb dating and in situ Lu-Hf isotopic analyses. The geochemical and geochronological data indicate that the Namco metagabbros were generated at 178.0 ± 2.9 Ma, along with the Namco–Renco peridotites formed in the initial stage of a continental margin basin; whereas the Renco gabbros were developed at 149.7 ± 1.6 Ma, along with the Renco diabasic dikes and Namco basalts formed later in a mature back-arc basin. The Namco–Renco ophiolites were derived from a depleted mantle source with involvement of minor older crustal materials. Combined with the regional geological background, the Namco–Renco ophiolites were likely formed mainly associated with the southward subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang oceanic lithosphere beneath the Lhasa terrane. This study provides new constraints on the formation ages of the Namco–Renco ophiolites and the tectonic evolution of the Namco–Renco Ocean.     

西藏多龙矿集区硅质岩岩石地球化学、Si- O同位素特征及其构造意义

多龙矿集区位于班公湖-怒江成矿带西段、羌塘地体南缘。本文通过对多龙矿集区出露的硅质岩进行系统地球化学研究,探讨硅质岩形成的沉积环境及成因。多龙硅质岩SiO_2含量为92.83%～93.97%,属于纯硅质岩;Si/Al值为48.98～49.56,MnO/TiO_2值为0.36～0.64,Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)值为0.77～0.81;硅质岩ΣREE为30.83×10~(-6)～34.59×10~(-6),LREE/HREE值为6.71～6.93,球粒陨石标准化曲线为Eu负异常而Ce弱正异常的右倾型曲线,北美页岩标准化曲线为Eu和Ce均显示出弱正异常的平坦型曲线;微量元素均严重亏损,仅Cu、Pb等亲铜元素亏损幅度较对较弱,V值为7.83×10~(-6)～8.84×10~(-6),V/Y值为1.25～1.48,亦表明硅质岩形成的环境海底热液活动不强烈,沉积环境为大陆边缘环境。多龙硅质岩δ~(30) Si_(NBS-28)值为1.0‰～1.1‰,δ~(18) O_(V-SMOW)‰为20.3‰～20.8‰,表明多龙硅质岩为浅海环境中沉积形成的原生的生物成因硅质岩。综合分析认为,多龙硅质岩形成于中晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期,为形成于对稳定的洋盆闭合的大陆边缘沉积环境的生物成因硅质岩,暗示南羌塘地体南缘于中晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期处于陆缘弧环境,班公湖-怒江洋仍在北向俯冲消减,洋盆尚未完全闭合。     

西藏多龙矿集区典型矿床(点)矿化特征与成矿作用对比研究

西藏多龙矿集区是近年来中国新发现的具有世界级潜力的铜金矿集区。该矿集区现已查明多不杂、波龙、拿若和铁格隆南4个大型-超大型矿床,并新发现地堡那木岗和拿顿矿点。文章对上述矿床(点)脉体、蚀变、矿化和流体特征开展了系统研究和对比。结果表明,多不杂、波龙和拿若矿床矿化类型以斑岩型为主,同时钾硅酸盐化、绢英岩化、青磐岩化等蚀变广泛发育,而铁格隆南矿床除上述蚀变类型外,还叠加有高级泥化蚀变,并发育与之相关的浅成低温热液型矿化。根据脉体特征对比和流体包裹体温压计算推测,上述4个矿床矿化类型的差异可能由剥蚀深度的差异所引起(前三者剥蚀深度约为2～3 km,后者约为1～1.5 km)。此外,地堡那木岗矿点蚀变类型以绢英岩化、泥化为主,该矿点发育与斑岩型金矿中类似的深色条带状石英脉,指示该地区可能存在斑岩型金矿。拿顿矿点为典型的高硫型浅成低温热液型矿化,铜金矿体赋存于角砾岩筒中。野外地质调查表明,上述矿点地表蚀变岩盖(Lithocaps)发育,并且蚀变岩盖空间分布位置与下伏铜金矿体表现出良好的匹配关系,可有效地指导找矿勘查工作。流体包裹体实验进一步表明,铜金元素在斑岩型矿化中的沉淀可能与温度降低和氧逸度的变化有关,而在浅成低温热液型矿化中的沉淀则受控于温度的降低和流体的不混溶作用。最后,在前人年代学研究基础上,结合本次实验结果构建了该地区与成矿作用有关的时空演化模型。     

西藏多龙矿集区水系沉积物地球化学数据定量分析与解释

位于西藏改则县的多龙矿集区是班公湖—怒江结合带最重要的斑岩型铜-金产地,具有较大的找矿潜力。本文利用MML-EM算法(Minimum Message Length-Expectation Maximization Algorithm)和ILR变换(Isometric Log-Ratio Transformation)为基础的主成分分析定量研究多龙矿集区水系沉积物化探数据的统计分布规律。混合分布筛分结果表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Mn、Ag、Sn、W、Mo、As、Sb、Bi、Hg和Au的元素含量都服从包含两个对数正态分布的混合分布。大部分元素的高均值子分布反映了该地区多期次岩浆或热液活动。通过作ILR变换(Isometric Log-Ratio Transformation),消除了多龙地区化探数据的闭合效应,第一主成分的元素组合指示该地区的铜-金成矿潜力。多龙地区大部分铜-金矿床(点)和地表蚀变落在第一主成分得分较高的区域。根据第一主成分的得分,本文圈定了若干个成矿潜力较大的靶区。     

Melt migration in the mantle beneath spreading zones and formation of replacive dunites: a review

The state of the art of the problem of mantle melt transport through the upper mantle beneath spreading zones is reviewed. The geochemical data and physical properties of the mantle constraining the melt migration processes are considered. The review concentrates on the ways of mantle magma transport and mechanisms of the localization of diffuse intergranular porous melt percolation into the channel flow. The hypothesis of the reaction of migrating mantle magmas with wall peridotites and the formation of replacive dunites as a result of this process are discussed. We examine the publications on the field, theoretical, and geochemical studies of the reactive melt migration and its role in the dunite formation in the mantle sections of the ophiolites. Alternative models of the dunite origin in the mantle are also tested. The results of experimental studies of the melt/peridotite interaction are presented.     

青藏高原两个斑岩-浅成低温热液矿床成矿亚系列及其"缺位找矿"之实践

斑岩_浅成低温热液型铜金矿床是西藏最新发现的组合矿床类型,其具有巨大的找矿潜力。笔者在西藏多龙矿集区铁格隆南铜金矿床、雄村矿集区主要矿体系统地质编录、综合研究的基础上,对其矿床地质背景、矿体形态产状、矿物组合、蚀变特征、成岩成矿年龄等进行了系统的总结,在前人研究的基础上,提出班怒成矿带与早白垩世岛弧型中_酸性火山岩_浅成岩组合有关的铜、金、银、铅锌矿床成矿亚系列,以及冈底斯成矿带与早侏罗世—晚侏罗世岛弧型中_酸性火山岩_浅成岩组合有关的铜、金、银、铅锌矿床成矿亚系列,是西藏最重要的寻找斑岩型_浅成低温热液型铜金矿的矿床成矿系列。依据"缺位找矿"理论,预测多龙矿集区尕尔勤、地堡那木岗、铁格隆山是浅成低温热液型铜金矿床的进一步勘查评价区,色那、拿顿角砾岩筒是寻找独立高硫化型浅成低温热液金矿床的重要靶区。铁格隆南浅成低温热液矿体叠加在斑岩型矿体之上,高硫化型浅成低温热液矿床浅部发育多孔状硅帽和明矾石_地开石_高岭石蚀变组合,金属矿物以硫砷铜矿_铜蓝_蓝辉铜矿_黝铜矿_黄铜矿_斑铜矿_黄铁矿等铜硫二元体系矿物组合为主,其中黄铁矿_黄铜矿_斑铜矿形成较早,矿床规模可突破1200万吨。雄村铜金矿集区发育低硫化型浅成低温热液多金属金矿体,矿体呈脉状,或在火山机构边缘构造中独立产出,或叠加于斑岩型铜金矿体之上产出,以绢云母化、叶蜡石化、伊利石化发育,闪锌矿、黝铜矿、磁黄铁矿_黄铁矿为主要金属矿物组合为特征,洞嘎、普钦木_哑达是低硫化型浅成低温热液矿床的勘查评价区,深部有找到斑岩型铜金矿的可能。上述2套矿床成矿系列亚系列都与燕山期斑岩铜金矿床的流体演化有关,具有特殊的蚀变矿物、金属矿物组合,寻找独立的浅成低温热液型金矿是下一步需要重视的找矿方向。