辽东黄花甸地区南辽河群里尔峪组成因研究

里尔峪组是古元古界南辽河群早期沉积地层,其成因对探讨辽-吉造山/活动带的大地构造属性具有重要意义。论文以辽东黄花甸地区里尔峪组为研究对象,对其进行了详细的野外地质填图和室内岩相学、地球化学以及同位素年代学研究工作。里尔峪组主体岩石类型为含不等量磁铁矿、电气石的黑云母变粒岩类夹斜长角闪岩。变粒岩中锆石阴极发光(CL)图像显示其具有震荡环带,说明其具有岩浆成因的碎屑锆石特征,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄数据具有1936Ma、2082Ma、2178Ma和2574Ma的年龄峰值,主峰与区内古元古代花岗质岩石的形成年龄一致,反映其物源主要来自于古元古代花岗质岩石,少量来自于太古宙克拉通结晶基底。其中1800~2000Ma的锆石年龄极可能是受变质作用改造的结果。斜长角闪岩呈夹层或透镜体状产出于里尔峪组变粒岩中,地球化学特征显示:(1)SiO_2含量为48.83%~51.50%,具有较低TiO_2含量(0.95%~1.33%)、低MgO含量(6.67%~9.49%)特征;(2)Mg#值为48~59,低于原生玄武质岩浆Mg#值,说明原岩岩浆经历了原始岩浆的结晶分异作用;(3)稀土元素总量(ΣREE)值为59.87×10~(-6)~82.83×10~(-6),LREE/HREE值介于3.58~4.88,(La/Yb)_N值为2.33~4.50,稀土元素配分模式具有岛弧火山岩的特征而不同于MORB型火山岩。微量元素Ba、U、Sm相对富集,亏损高场强元素Th、Nb、P、Ta等,Nb、Ta相对亏损,贫Cr、Ni,说明原岩为形成于岛弧环境或活动大陆边缘的高铁拉斑玄武岩。斜长角闪岩中锆石阴极发光图像具有两类特征,第一类具有核边结构,锆石核部主要呈暗色,内部结构比较复杂,部分保留岩浆环带特征;第二类锆石其内部结构比较均一,为典型的变质锆石,并且具有继承性锆石核以及变质增生边。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年得出两件斜长角闪岩的原岩年龄分别为1995±13Ma、2150±21Ma,大致代表了里尔峪组的形成时代。综上所述,黄花甸地区里尔峪组原岩为形成于岛弧或活动大陆边缘的碎屑岩夹基性火山岩沉积建造,物源主要来自于辽-吉造山/活动带内的古元古代花岗岩和南北两侧的太古宙的变质基底,该套地层在~1.88Ga遭受了变质作用的改造。结合前人对胶-辽-吉古元古代岩石构造变形、变质作用等研究成果,本文研究认为南辽河群所在的胶-辽-吉活动带在~2.2Ga发生了从东部陆块拉张弧后裂解,2.0~2.15Ga发生有洋壳的俯冲,在~1.88Ga发生造山变质作用形成区域上的胶-辽-吉造山带。     

新疆西准噶尔库尔尕克希岩体年代学、地球化学特征及岩石成因

新疆西准噶尔构造带发育大量晚古生代中酸性侵入体,其岩石成因和侵位期次对于认识该构造带的岩浆演化具有十分重要的意义。本文对库尔尕克希岩体进行了详细的野外地质调查、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年及岩石地球化学分析,旨在查明其成岩时代和成因类型。结果表明,该岩体出露面积仅约0.55 km~2,岩性主要为花岗闪长岩,锆石U-Pb年龄为312.9±2.9 Ma(n=20,MSWD=0.072),形成于晚石炭世早期。地球化学特征显示其为钙碱性弱过铝质I型花岗岩。岩体具有较高硅、中等铝,富碱、贫镁,富集Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素和重稀土元素,负Eu异常较微弱,A/CNK=0.99~1.20,与区内别鲁阿嘎希、包古图等小岩体在成岩时代、地球化学特征等方面有着显著的相似性,形成于晚石炭世早期与俯冲作用相关的岛弧环境,其源岩更可能是受俯冲流体交代的亏损地幔衍生出来的年轻地壳物质。     

西藏雄村铜金矿区侏罗系砂岩地球化学特征:对构造背景的约束

西藏雄村铜金矿区位于冈底斯造山带中段南缘,其南紧邻雅鲁藏布缝合带(IYS)和日喀则弧前盆地,北为谢通门始新世大岩基。通过对雄村矿区砂岩进行系统的镜下鉴定,主量、微量元素分析,揭示雄村组砂岩构造背景和物源属性。研究结果显示,雄村砂岩样品SiO_2含量53.27%~66.13%,平均含量58.27%,与古生代杂砂岩(66.1%)相近。Al_2O_3含量较高(14.53%~24.04%),平均20.12%,指示砂岩长石矿物较多且黏土化较强。综合微观特征,雄村砂岩为长石岩屑砂岩。主量元素中特征氧化物组合Fe2O3+MgO(7.3%~17.6%)、TiO_2(0.68%~1.25%)、Al_2O_3/SiO_2(0.22%~0.45%)与大洋岛弧成因砂岩值相似;微量元素蛛网图上雄村砂岩相对亏损Ta、Nb、P、Ti及HREE等高场强元素而富集K、Rb、U、REE等大离子亲石元素,REE球粒陨石标准化后具有轻稀土富集而重稀土元素较平坦的右倾分布模式。特征微量元素Th(2.5×10~(-6))、Zr(114×10~(-6))、Hf(3.6×10~(-6))、Ce(27.95×10~(-6))、Ti(0.54×10~(-6))含量及Th/U(2.9)、Zr/Th(46)、La/Sc(0.72)、Th/Sc(0.11)比值表明雄村砂岩具有大洋岛弧成因性质,La-Th-Sc、Th-Sc-Zr/10、Th-Co-Zr/10等判别图解显示砂岩形成源区可能位于大洋岛弧环境。稀土元素页岩标准化后具有弱负Ce异常及正Eu异常,指示砂岩受海水及深部热液双重影响,同样与大洋岛弧环境页岩标准化后特征相似。Co/Th-La/Sc和La/Th-Hf图解表明雄村砂岩物源区为长英质中酸性火山岩源区和安山质火山弧源区,结合他人对砂岩中碎屑锆石的年龄研究,认为雄村矿区砂岩没有早于晚三叠世的碎屑锆石,具有岛弧火山岩源区特点。     

Geochemistry of coastal sands of Eastern Mediterranean: The case of Nisyros volcanic materials

Coastal sand samples collected from the northern part of Nisyros volcanic island (Dodecanese, Greece) were investigated for first time for their potential in strategic metals and compared with parental rocks of the island which are Quaternary volcanics with alternating lava flows, pyroclastic layers and lava domes and relevant materials located near granitoids of Northern Greece. The PXRD and SEM-EDS study of the sands revealed enhanced content of feldspars, Fe-Mn oxides, magnetite, tourmaline, pyroxenes, ilmenites, along with zircons, apatite and sulfide inclusions. The fresh hydrothermally deposited clayely material collected from the Nisyros caldera crater had a rather different mineralogical composition from the coastal one (alunite, anhydrite, opal-CT, quartz, kaolinite). UCC-normalized spidergrams indicated that the weathering processes contributed to accumulation of heavy minerals (mainly ilmenite), and strategic metals including V (1920 mg/kg) and Nb (245 mg/kg), in the coastal sand. The low REE concentration (ΣREE + Y = 240 mg/kg) could be attributed to the absence of REE-rich minerals. Moreover, the sands exhibit different geochemical patterns compared to the volcanic source rocks of the island, which are especially enriched in Large-Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE) and depleted in High Field Strength Elements (HFSE), such as Nb and Ta. On the other hand, the caldera material is enriched in volatile components, sulfur, chalcophile elements (Se, Bi, Hg, As, Pb) and Ba. Micro-XRF analyses of representative crystals showed that the high Nb content of the sands was associated with the Ti/Fe-rich phases (e.g. ilmenites). The geochemical composition of N Greece sands showed, because of their origin, enrichment not only in HFSE but also in REE.The study of the coastal heavy mineral sands originating from different geological environments of Greece provides information about the association of their mineral components with REE, other elements of economic interest (e.g. Co, Nb, Ta) and natural actinides. In addition, the study of the black sands of Nisyros island could be considered as a characteristic example of those from other parts of Hellenic Volcanic Arc (HVA) and other relevant Mediterranean regions.     

Geochemistry,geochronology, and petrogenesis of mid-Cretaceous Talabuco volcanic rocks,central Tibet: implications for the evolution of the Bangong Meso-Tethys

The widespread mid-Cretaceous igneous rocks in the northern margin of the Lhasa Block play an important role in understanding deep geologic processes, matter exchange at depth, and tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. In this paper, we report new zircon U-Pb ages, whole-rock major and trace element data, and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope data from the Talabuco andesites and basalts, which were dated at ~111 Ma. These rocks belong to the high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonite series, and show enrichment in terms of large-ion-lithophile elements (LILEs, e.g. Rb, U, and Th) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), but depletion of high-field-strength elements (HFSEs, e.g. Nb and Ti). The (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios of the Talabuco andesites range from 0.7043 to 0.7048, and the ε_Nd(t) contents range from 0.68 to 4.33. The ratios of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb are 18.6064–18.8993, 15.6233–15.6707, and 38.8634–39.1720, respectively. The ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf and ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios of one sample range from 0.00081 to 0.00206 and 0.28280 to 0.28296, respectively. The ε_Hf(t) values for this sample range from 3.4 to 9.1, and the two-stage model Hf age (T_DM2) is 0.59–0.95 Ga. Combined with previous studies, the geochemical and isotopic data reveal that the parental magma of the Talabuco andesites was probably derived by partial melting of EM II-type sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The Talabuco andesites are most likely generated by fractionation of mafic magma contaminated by subducted oceanic sediment and represent product of arc magmatism due to northward subduction of the Yarlung Zangbo Neo-Tethyan slab or southward subduction of the Bangong Meso-Tethyan slab.     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Triassic mineralized porphyries in the Geza of the Sanjiang orogenic belt,southwestern China

The Geza Andean-type arc is located in the southwestern Sanjiang tectonic belt (i.e. Jinsha, Lancang, and Nujiang River) of SW China, which is a product of the subduction of the Garzê–Litang oceanic crust beneath Zhongdian landmasses in the Late Triassic (235–204 Ma). The Geza Andean-type arc is an important belt of Cu-rich polymetallic mineralization that was recently discovered in China. Prolonged regional tectono-magmatic activity and several episodes of rich mineralization throughout the tectonic evolution of the Andean-type arc produced the super-large Pulang porphyry Cu deposits, the large Xuejiping porphyry Cu deposits, and the large Hongshan skarn-porphyry Cu polymetallic deposits. Here we report new LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb age of Songnuo and Qiansui intrusive rocks, and whole-rock major and trace element compositions of the Late Triassic mineralized porphyries from Geza in this region. Zircon U–Pb dating of the Qiansui quartz diorite porphyrite revealed a crystallization age of 220.3 ± 0.66 Ma, for the Songnuo quartz monzonite porphyry, a crystallization age of 204.7 ± 0.72 Ma. The Geza Andean-type arc granitic belt can be divided into three porphyry subzones based on the stage of Andean-type arc orogenic development and the distribution, composition, and geochemical characteristics of the intrusive rocks. Lithogeochemical characteristics show that the porphyry and Andean-type arc granite are of the same rock series (high-K calc-alkaline) and genetic type (I-type granite). The trace element geochemistry of these rocks is similar to that of Andean-type arc granite, which is enriched in Ba, Rb, La, Hf, chalcophile elements (Cu, Pb), and siderophile elements (Mo, Ni), and depleted in Nb, Ta, P, and Ti. In the Geza Andean-type arc, similarities in the major element, REE, and trace element compositions between porphyry and local acidic volcanic rocks suggest that they have the same or similar magmatic source rocks. The petrological characteristics of granite in the Geza Andean-type arc are similar to those of adakitic rocks, and the formation of porphyry and porphyry-related deposits resulted from magmatic hydrothermal fluids that originated in the upper mantle and lower crust. The porphyry Cu mineralization was probably produced from the accumulation and migration of ore-forming hydrothermal fluids and the resultant alteration of host rocks.     

Early Cretaceous continental arc-related volcanic rocks in the Duobuzha area,northern Tibet: implications for evolution history of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean

New whole-rock major and trace elements data, zircon laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb ages, and zircon Hf isotope compositions were analysed for Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks, also called Meiriqieco Formation (MF) in the Duobuzha area of the Southern Qiangtang–Baoshan Block (SQBB), northern Tibet. Our aim is to clarify their petrogenesis and tectonic setting, and constrain the evolution process on the northern margin of Bangong–Nujiang suture zone (BNSZ) during Early Cretaceous time. The MF volcanic rocks are mainly composed of andesites with subordinate basalts and rhyolites with high-K calc-alkaline affinity. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating for two andesite and one rhyolite samples give uniform ages within error of ca.113, 114, and 118 Ma, respectively, indicating they were erupted on the Early Cretaceous. The MF andesites have variable zircon ε_Hf(t) values (+0.5 to +10.5), which is different from those of MF rhyolites (+7.9 to +10.7). All the MF rocks are enriched in large ion lithophile elements, and depleted in high field strength elements, yielding the affinity of arc rocks. The MF basalts were most likely derived from the mantle wedge that was metasomatized by fluids released from subducting slab with the involvement of subducted sediments. The MF rhyolites were generated by partial melting of the juvenile mafic lower crust. The MF andesites are interpreted to have formed by mixing of the magmas that parental of the MF basalts and the MF rhyolites. In addition, a couple of distinctly magmatic sources are identified in the SQBB, and this may be related to mantle components injected into the continental crust. Combined with published geological data in the BNSZ and SQBB, we consider that the MF volcanic rocks are formed in a continental arc setting, suggesting that BNO were subducting during the Early Cretaceous time in the Duobuzha area.     

Petrogenesis and Tectonics of the Naruo Porphyry Cu(Au) Deposit Related Intrusion in the Duolong Area, Central Tibet

The Duolong area is the most important part of the Western Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone porphyry Cu(Au) metallogenic belt, in Tibet, China. Here new detailed data are presented from LAICP-MS zircon U-Pb, whole-rock geochemical, and in-situ zircon Hf isotope analyses for igneous rocks in the large Naruo deposit(2.51 Mt of Cu and 82 t of Au) which is located ~2 km NE of the Duolong(Duobuza and Bolong) super-large gold-rich porphyry copper deposit. We integrated our results with previous research of other porphyry deposits in the Duolong area and have identified the timing, geodynamic setting, and petrogenesis of the mineralization-associated magmatic events. Based on the measurements, the Duolong area porphyry Cu(Au) deposit formations are associated with Early Cretaceous intermediate-felsic magmatism, which is consistent with U-Pb zircon ages of 120 Ma. All the main intrusive rocks in the ore-concentrated area have similar lithogeochemical characteristics; they show a relative enrichment in both light rare earth elements(LREEs) and large-ion lithophile elements(LILEs: Rb, Ba, K, etc.) and relative depletion in both heavy rare earth elements(HREEs) and high field strength elements(HFSEs: Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, etc.). Moreover, the granite porphyry shows positive εHf(t) values between 1.38–7.37 suggesting that magmas were potentially derived from the partial melting of a depleted mantle wedge that had been metasomatized by subducted slab-derived fluids or melts. This paper points out that the formation of the porphyry-epithermal Cu(Au) deposit in the Duolong area was dominated by northward subduction of the Bangongco Tethys Plate beneath the Qiangtang block in the Early Cretaceous(124–114 Ma), when the subducted oceanic crust reached 50–70 km underground and generated different degrees of phase transformation, which lead to a melt produced by dehydration of amphibole minerals, a metasomatized mantle wedge, and induced mantle partial melting that produced the magma. Those deposits occurred in a continental arc tectonic setting, which is similar to the continental margin arc environment of the ocean-continent subduction setting of the Andes metallogenic belt in South America.     

Petrogenesis of the Late Cretaceous Tholeiitic Volcanism and Oceanic Island Arc Affinity of the Chagai Arc, Western Pakistan

The Late Cretaceous Chagai arc outcrops in western Pakistan, southern Afghanistan and eastern Iran. It is in the Tethyan convergence zone, formed by northward subduction of the Arabian oceanic plate beneath the Afghan block. The oldest unit of the Chagai arc is the Late Cretaceous Sinjrani Volcanic Group. This is composed of porphyritic lava flows and volcaniclastic rocks, and subordinate shale, sandstone, limestone and chert. The flows are fractionated low-K tholeiitic basalts, basaltic-andesites, and andesites. Relative enrichment in their LILE and depletion in HFSE, and negative Nb and Ta and positive K, Ba and Sr anomalies point to a subduction-related origin. Compared to MORB, the least fractionated Chagai basalts have low Na2O, Fe2O3T, CaO, Ti, Zr, Y and 87Sr/86Sr. Rather than an Andean setting, these results suggest derivation from a highly depleted mantle in an intraoceanic arc formed by Late Cretaceous convergence in the Ceno-Tethys. The segmented subduction zone formed between Gondwana and a collage of small continental blocks (Iran, Afghan, Karakoram, Lhasa and Burma) was accompanied by a chain of oceanic island arcs and suprasubduction ophiolites including Semail, Zagros, Chagai-Raskoh, Kandahar, Muslim Bagh, Waziristan and Kohistan-Ladakh, Nidar, Nagaland and Manipur. These complexes accreted to the southern margin of Eurasia in the Late Cretaceous.     

内蒙古乌拉特后旗乌兰敖包地区二叠纪中-基性火山岩地球化学、年代学、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

内蒙古乌拉特后旗乌兰敖包地区中-基性火山岩位于华北陆块北缘西段,野外出露岩性主要为灰黑色-深灰绿色玄武岩、深灰绿色玄武安山岩和灰绿色安山岩等。岩石样品中SiO_2含量49.33~65.84%,Na_2O含量0.53~5.49%,K_2O平均值为0.25~6.40%,属于钙碱性系列;由基性到中性岩石中稀土总量呈增加趋势,轻稀土元素富集程度增加,δEu负异常逐渐明显;微量元素显示火山岩普遍具有不同程度的Ta、Nb亏损,U、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素富集特征,具有俯冲带弧岩浆岩的特征。火山岩中岩浆锆石U-Pb测年结果为285.0±2.3 Ma和265.0±1.5Ma,表明其形成时代为早-中二叠世;火山岩与下伏地层接触关系及捕获锆石的年龄特征指示,乌兰敖包地区火山岩形成在华北陆块北缘之上。锆石Hf同位素信息指示岩浆起源于受俯冲板块影响的亏损地幔,岩浆上升过程中加入了壳源物质。