基于层次分析法的农业技术推广评价指标体系研究

农业技术推广的评价主要集中在产后评价,评价结果难免片面.为避免这一问题,应对农业技术推广的整个过程,即产前、产中、产后3个阶段分别赋予相应指标,建立完整灵活的农业技术推广评价指标体系.在此基础上,采用专家咨询法和层次分析法对各个指标赋权重,建立农业技术推广评价的通用数学模型.经实例验证,得出结论:其一,所建指标体系和数学模型可操作性强、合理有效;其二,对产前、产中阶段进行评价比单纯进行产后效果评价意义更为重大.     

Regional flow perturbation folding within an exhumation channel: A case study from the Cycladic Blueschists

Kilometre-scale cylindrical folds and associated parasitic folds that trend at small angles to the transport lineation are analysed along a 100-km-long transport-normal segment of the Cycladic Blueschists in an attempt to reconstruct the 3D structural architecture within an exhumation channel. Reversals in the polarity of both fold vergence and the hinge/lineation obliquity occur in a flow-normal direction, defining transport-parallel culmination and depression surfaces that root downwards onto an underlying detachment. Fold patterns generated around culmination and depression surfaces support models of flow-perturbation folding where folds initiate at small angles or sub-parallel to transport in response to wrench-dominated differential shearing. Successive culmination and depression surfaces are separated from one another by along strike distances of ∼20 km, although atypical fold geometries developed in the flanks of major culmination and depressions follow their own patterns, revealing that smaller perturbations occur within the larger scheme. Major culminations are interpreted to reflect regions of surging flow marked by increased velocity during exhumation, whilst the opposite is true for depressions. This behaviour implies that on a regional scale, differential shear varies laterally in an irregular-sinusoidal manner defining areas of relative high and relative low displacement within the exhumation channel.     

Temporal links between pluton emplacement,garnet granulite metamorphism,partial melting and extensional collapse in the lower crust of a Cretaceous magmatic arc,Fiordland, New Zealand

Garnet granulite facies mid‐to lower crust in Fiordland, New Zealand, provides evidence for pulsed intrusion and deformation occurring in the mid‐to lower crust of magmatic arcs. ²³⁸U‐²⁰⁶Pb zircon ages constrain emplacement of the ～595 km² Malaspina Pluton to 116–114 Ma. Nine Sm‐Nd garnet ages (multi‐point garnet‐rock isochrons) ranging from 115.6 ± 2.6 to 110.6 ± 2.0 Ma indicate that garnet granulite facies metamorphism was synchronous or near synchronous throughout the pluton. Hence, partial melting and garnet granulite facies metamorphism lasted <5 Ma and began within 5 Ma of pluton emplacement. Garnet granulite facies L‐S tectonites in the eastern part of the Malaspina Pluton record the onset of extensional strain and arc collapse. An Sm‐Nd garnet age and thermobarometric results for these rocks directly below the amphibolite facies Doubtful Sound shear zone provide the oldest known age for extension in Fiordland at ≥112.8 ± 2.2 Ma at ～920 °C and 14–15 kbar. Narrow high Ca rims in garnet from some of these suprasolidus rocks could reflect a ≤ 1.5 kbar pressure increase, but may be largely a result of temperature decrease based on the Ca content of garnet predicted from pseudosections. At peak metamorphic conditions >900 °C, garnet contained ～4000 ppm Ti; subsequently, rutile inclusions grew during declining temperature with limited pressure change. Garnet granulite metamorphism of the Malaspina Pluton is c. 10 Ma younger than similar metamorphism of the Pembroke Granulite in northern Fiordland; therefore, high‐P metamorphism and partial melting must have been diachronous for this >3000 km² area of mid‐to‐lower crust. Thus, two or more pulses of intrusion shortly followed by garnet granulite metamorphism and extensional strain occurred from north to south along the axis of the lower crustal root of the Cretaceous Gondwana arc.     

激光拉曼原位观测储层温度压力条件下乙烷在纯水中的扩散系数

乙烷和甲烷是深部天然气藏中的重要组成部分, 精确测量其扩散系数对于正确理解深部页岩储层中的烃类气体的分布运移及其分异具有重要意义.目前乙烷在水中的扩散系数数据局限在低压和283~333K温度范围内, 缺少天然气储层高温高压条件下的数据.本研究利用显微激光拉曼光谱, 在高压透明毛细管中原位观测了20MPa下273~393K温度范围内乙烷在纯水中的扩散, 测定了各温度下的扩散系数, 并用Speedy-Angell指数方程拟合出乙烷扩散系数D(乙烷)(m2/s)与温度T(K)之间的关系式: D(C₂H₆)=D₀[(T/T_s)-1]γ, 式中: D₀=13.8055×10-9m2/s, T_s=237.4K, γ=1.7397.相同温度压力条件下, 测得的乙烷的扩散系数小于甲烷的扩散系数.据此计算了2种气体通过低渗透盖层的扩散量的差异, 发现甲烷和乙烷溶解扩散的分异程度随盖层厚度、扩散时间而显著变化.      

南帕米尔北缘切实界别辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及其地质意义

南帕米尔北缘切实界别地区广泛分布的基性岩体(岩脉)侵位于下二叠统中,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年获得其成岩年龄为269.5±1.3Ma,反映该地区存在中二叠世基性岩浆活动。岩体中SiO2含量为46.68%~49.20%,TiO2平均值为1.40%,(K2O+Na2O)在3.94%~5.83%之间,属于碱性系列;稀土元素配分模式呈LREE富集型,δEu值为0.92~1.31,无明显Eu异常;明显富集K、Rb、Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素及Th、U放射性生热元素,类似于板内玄武岩;微量元素构造环境判别图亦显示其形成于板内构造环境。与邻区二叠纪基性火山岩地球化学特征对比,结果表明,南帕米尔和南羌塘在二叠纪同处于板内伸展环境,而冈底斯带属于岛弧背景,这为帕米尔和青藏高原石炭纪—二叠纪构造单元的划分与对比提供了岩浆作用方面的依据。     

A mafic intrusion of “arc affinity” in a post-orogenic extensional setting: A case study from Ganluogou gabbro in the northern Yidun Arc Belt,eastern Tibetan Plateau

Generally, arc-related or subduction-related mafic magmas are formed during or slightly postdate subduction, and characterized by depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs) relative to the large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare-earth elements (LREEs). Combining with mineral chemistry and Sr–Nd isotopes, these geochemical characteristics were usually used to define an arc setting, especially for some ancient arcs that had been strongly modified by later tectonic activities. However, we report an exceptional case from the northern part of the Triassic Yidun Arc Belt, eastern Tibetan Plateau. The Ganluogou gabbro (∼152 Ma) occurs as several intrusive bodies. Its mineral assemblage is olivine (chrysolite), plagioclase (anorthite), clinopyroxene (diopside), amphibole (edenite and pargasite) and phlogopite. Whole rock geochemistry shows low SiO₂ (42.87–46.99 wt.%), total rear earth elements (ΣREE = 22.8–28.4 ppm), Na₂O + K₂O (0.92–1.34 wt.%), and high Al₂O₃, MgO and FeO contents. It has small variations of initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7053–0.7055) and ε_Nd(t) values (−4.8 to −1.8). All the samples exhibit enrichment in LILEs including Th and U, but strongly depleted in HFSEs, including Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf. For the mineral chemistry, there are two type amphiboles. Amp(I) show higher V, Sc, Cr, Sr, Nb and Zr contents, but lower Th and U contents than those of Amp(II). Their REE patterns range from convex shape without Eu anomaly to LREE-enriched pattern with weak positive Eu anomaly. We suggest that Amp(I) was crystallized from a liquid that was mainly buffered by olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase, while Amp(II) crystallized from later melt that was mainly buffered by olivine. Based on clinopyroxene chemistry, compositions of coexisting olivine and plagioclase, and whole rock Sr–Nd isotopes, the parental magma of the Ganluogou gabbro is interpreted as a tholeiitic arc-affinity magma, which might be derived from an N-MORB mantle that had been metasomatised by slab-derived melts in the late Triassic (237–206 Ma). Thus, the Ganluogou gabbro provides an example that magmas exhibiting arc-affinity could in fact be formed in a post-orogenic extensional setting.     

Glacitectonic deformation in the Chuos Formation of northern Namibia: implications for Neoproterozoic ice dynamics

The Chuos Formation is a diamictite-dominated succession of Cryogenian age, variously interpreted as the product of glaciomarine deposition, glacially related mass movement, or rift-related sediment remobilisation in a non-glacial environment. These interpretations have wide ranging implications for the extent of ice cover during the supposedly pan-global Neoproterozoic icehouse. In the Otavi Mountainland, northern Namibia, detailed analysis of soft-sediment deformation structures on the macro- and micro-scale support glacitectonic derivation in response to overriding ice from the south/south-east. Overall, the upward increase in strain intensity, predominance of ductile deformation features (e.g. asymmetric folds, rotational turbates and necking structures, clast boudinage, unistrial plasmic fabrics) and pervasive glacitectonic lamination support subglacial deformation under high and sustained porewater pressures. In contrast, soft-sediment structures indicative of mass movements, including flow noses, tile structures, and basal shear zones, are not present. The close association of subglacial deformation, abundant ice-rafted debris and ice-contact fan deposits indicate subaqueous deposition in an ice-proximal setting, subject to secondary subglacial deformation during oscillation of the ice margin. These structures thus reveal evidence of dynamic grounded ice sheets in the Neoproterozoic, demonstrating their key palaeoclimatic significance within ancient sedimentary successions.     

基于Argo浮标的西北太平洋环流特征分析

基于2004 年1 月～2009 年12 月月平均Argo(Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography)温盐格点资料, 结合P-vector 方法重构了西北太平洋绝对地转流, 重点分析了西北太平洋环流时空变化特征。结果表明, 基于Argo 资料西北太平洋三维结构特征与以前的研究结果是一致的。与WOA09(World Ocean Atlas 2009)计算的纬向流相比, Argo 资料计算的纬向流要偏大。北赤道逆流(NECC)、北赤道流(NEC)、黑潮再生流(KCC)和黑潮延伸体(KE)都有明显的季节和年际变化。NECC 和NEC 基本上呈现春强秋弱的季节变化特征, KCC 和KE 的季节特征与NECC 和NEC 存在反相关系。NECC 和NEC 表现出周期为1～2 a 的年际信号, KCC 和KE 为非周期性的年际信号。表层NEC 流核所在位置以及NEC南边界位置都有南移的趋势。另外, NEC、KCC 和KE 的流量也呈逐渐增大的趋势。     

利用EMD阈值消噪改进MW组合周跳探测性能

分析MW组合观测值的噪声特性,评价其实际周跳探测性能,提出利用EMD阈值消噪方法进行降噪。对于EMD的端点效应问题,在MW递推均值上增加虚拟噪声构成虚拟观测值对数据进行延拓。估计MW组合经EMD分解后各层分量的阈值,削弱噪声影响。分析消噪后含周跳MW组合所发生的变化,指出周跳具有"扩散"现象,提出基于消噪后MW组合的探测方案。     

Does a detachment level exist beneath the Ceraunius Fossae? Insights from graben mapping and lost-area balancing analysis

We took advantage of the close relationship between graben width and rheology of the involved materials (e.g., number, thickness and spacing of rheological layers, presence of mechanical discontinuities of different nature) and attempted to obtain information about the mechanical stratigraphy of the Ceraunius Fossae area (Northern Tharsis Region). The possible existence of detachment levels beneath the Ceraunius Fossae area were investigated using the lost-area balancing method and a topographic profile derived from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data. Results suggest a marked difference in structural style between the western and eastern sectors of the study area, which is interpreted as a result of different mechanical stratigraphies. On the western sector the maximum depth reached by grabens is well localized within 1000 m from the topographic surface suggesting the existence of a detachment level, which we interpret as a weak horizon at the base of the Late Hesperian-Early Amazonian units. The ductile behaviour of this horizon could be favoured by the presence of volatile reservoir or ice. In the eastern sector of the profile (HNf and Hf units) the maximum depth reached by the grabens is scattered and does not support the existence of clearly defined detachment horizons suggesting that Noachian Fractured Rocks are mechanically homogeneous. A maximum depth, however, could be established.