利用成像测井资料分析汶川地震断裂带科学钻探3号孔(WFSD-3)裂缝特征

WFSD-3孔是汶川地震断裂带科学钻探主要钻孔之一,全井段(终孔深度1 502.30 m)实施了连续取心(累计取心进尺1 548.44 m)和测井作业。采集到的成像测井资料包含丰富的原位地质特征信息,对裂缝、破碎带识别和构造应力场分析具有重要作用。利用该钻孔的电阻率成像测井和超声成像测井资料,结合岩心资料进行了裂缝特征分析。结果表明,WFSD-3孔岩层高角度斜交缝最为发育,其次是低角度斜交缝,垂直缝和水平缝极少;25～200 m和900～1 000 m深度范围内裂缝尤为发育;不同深度的裂缝倾向存在明显差异:410 m之上主要分布于260°～290°,410～730m集中于330°～360°,730～960 m主要分布于210°～240°,960～1 185 m与410 m之上基本一致,1 410～1 450 m与前述各深度段不同,集中于180°～200°;裂缝与破碎带、层理密切相关,宏观分布受构造控制。     

Effect of drilling fluid on concrete-soil/rock interface shear strength in seawater drilling environment

Abstract

In this article, the results of an experimental study on the effect of drilling fluid on concrete-soil/rock interface shear strength in the seawater drilling environment are presented. The series of direct shear tests using a purpose-designed shear box with seawater were performed considering different types of drilling fluid and base material, various normal stress levels at the interface, and filtration times. The results indicated that bentonite drilling fluid significantly decreased the concrete-soil/rock interface shear strength while a negligibly small effect was observed for polymer drilling fluid, confirming the findings from the previous studies. It was also observed that the degree of interface shear strength reduction when using bentonite drilling fluid varied with the type of base material as well as the level of normal stress at the interface. The results also confirmed that the groundwater chemistry does not alter governing mechanism of the drilling fluids and the concrete-soil/rock interface interaction and that significant benefit can also be expected when using polymer-based drilling fluid over bentonite in terms of the side resistance of a drilled shaft in seawater drilling environment as well.     

Modeling diagnosis of suspended sediment transport in tidal estuarine system

A three-dimensional, time-dependent hydrodynamic and suspended sediment transport model was performed and applied to the Danshuei River estuarine system and adjacent coastal sea in northern Taiwan. The model was validated with observed time-series salinity in 2001, and with salinity and suspended sediment distributions in 2002. The predicted results quantitatively agreed with the measured data. A local turbidity maximum was found in the bottom water of the Kuan-Du station. The validated model then was conducted with no salinity gradient, no sediment supply from the sediment bed, wind stress, and different freshwater discharges from upstream boundaries to comprehend the influences on suspended sediment dynamics in the Danshuei River estuarine system. The results reveal that concentrations of the turbidity maximum simulated without salinity gradient are higher than those of the turbidity maximum simulated with salinity gradient at the Kuan-Du station. Without bottom resuspension process, the estuarine turbidity maximum zone at the Kuan-Du station vanishes. This suggests that bottom sediment resuspension is a very important sediment source to the formation of estuarine turbidity maximum. The wind stress with northeast and southwest directions may contribute to decrease the suspended sediment concentration. When the freshwater discharges increase at the upstream boundaries, the limits of salt intrusion pushes downriver toward river mouth. Suspended sediment concentrations increase at the upriver reaches in the Danshuei River to Tahan Stream, while decrease at Kuan-Du station.     

不同直径对非开挖近孔壁位移响应数值分析

非开挖水平定向钻进敷设管道的质量直接受到水平孔壁的位移特征影响,而水平孔直径则是影响孔壁位移的重要因素之一。采用快速拉格朗日的计算方法,利用Mohr—Coulomb准则对粘土地层中不同直径条件下的近水平孔壁位移响应特征进行了数值计算分析。获得了在不同钻孔直径（0．6-1．6m）条件下近水平孔壁X、Y和Z三个方向的位移矢量、应力分布数据。分析结果表明,随着水平钻孔直径的不断增加,近孔壁各点的Z位移也不断增加,其中水平孔下部各点Z方向变化更为明显。同时,位移变化区域随着环形区域的不断向外扩展,增加幅度不断降低。因此,合理控制施工的终孔直径对于减少孔壁位移扰动具有重要意义。     

极地海洋钻探研究进展

南极和北极海域的深海钻探（DSDP）和大洋钻探（ODP）研究所取得的成就是举世瞩目的,为人类研究过去全球变化打开了新的视野。它们揭示了北大西洋高纬度海区新近纪的古海洋学和古气候的演化历史,发现了早更新世"41ka世界"千年尺度的气候波动,以及冰期表层水温与深层水的耦合颤动,说明冰期旋回中冰消期气候的不稳定性。检验了新近纪环南极洋流的形成历史,并揭示了南极新生代的气候变冷和冰盖的演变历史,以及证实了南大洋温度变化领先于全球冰量的变化。2004年北极罗蒙诺索脊的综合大洋钻探（IODP）将宣告科学探索时代的到来,其研究将重建北冰洋新生代环境变化和气候的演变历史,展示北冰洋在全球气候变化中的作用。     

钻孔咬合桩施工质量控制

钻孔咬合桩既具挡土又具止水的双重作用,施工快捷,工艺简单,对环境干扰少,比较适合于城市地铁、隧道和大、中型基坑支护工程。结合南京火车站站前广场龙蟠路新建隧道工程,介绍了钻孔咬合桩的一般施工技术要求和主要控制措施。     

Introductory perspective on the COREF Project

Abstract Coral reefs are tropic to subtropic, coastal ecosystems comprising very diverse organisms. Late Quaternary reef deposits are fossil archives of environmental, tectonic and eustatic variations that can be used to reconstruct the paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic history of the tropic surface oceans. Reefs located at the latitudinal limits of coral‐reef ecosystems (i.e. those at coral‐reef fronts) are particularly sensitive to environmental changes – especially those associated with glacial–interglacial changes in climate and sealevel. We propose a land and ocean scientific drilling campaign in the Ryukyu Islands (the Ryukyus) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean to investigate the dynamic response of the corals and coral‐reef ecosystems in this region to Late Quaternary climate and sealevel change. Such a drilling campaign, which we call the COREF (coral‐reef front) Project, will allow the following three major questions to be evaluated: (i) What are the nature, magnitude and driving mechanisms of coral‐reef front migration in the Ryukyus? (ii) What is the ecosystem response of coral reefs in the Ryukyus to Quaternary climate changes? (iii) What is the role of coral reefs in the global carbon cycle? Subsidiary objectives include (i) the timing of coral‐reef initiation in the Ryukyus and its causes; (ii) the position of the Kuroshio current during glacial periods and its effects on coral‐reef formation; and (iii) early carbonate diagenetic responses as a function of compounded variations in climate, eustacy and depositional mineralogies (subtropic aragonitic to warm‐temperate calcitic). The geographic, climatic and oceanographic settings of the Ryukyu Islands provide an ideal natural laboratory to address each of these research questions.     

中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）UHP岩石石英脉中磷灰石团块独居石出溶物的U-Th-Pb化学定年

CCSD主孔榴辉岩等UHP岩石石英脉中存在团块状到不规则脉体状的磷灰石集合体,显微镜下观察发现其中存在四种出溶物:磁铁矿和赤铁矿的连生体、赤铁矿、独居石和锶重晶石;出溶物的长轴和生长方向均基本平行于磷灰石之C轴,显示它们可能是基本同时出溶的。其中独居石出溶体多为菱形到板状自形晶体,宽约6—10μm,长约50～75μm。运用CHIME化学定年方法对CCSD磷灰石团块中的独居石出溶物进行了年代学研究,获得其Th-Pb等时线年龄为202±28．3Ma,表明磷灰石团块形成于榴辉岩在折返过程中的重结晶和退变质,时代为晚三叠世。该年龄可能也代表了CCSD中UHP岩石中包裹磷灰石团块的石英脉的形成时代。     

Paleoceanographic Setting and Preservation of Buried Manganese Deposits in DSDP/ODP Cores

Abstract. The occurrence, lithology, and stratigraphic setting of buried manganese deposits and associated host sediments in cores obtained on Legs 123–210 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) are examined in order to establish the formative environment and conditions of preservation. Fossil manganese nodule and crusts are found to have formed or deposited throughout the period from 100 Ma to the present, with an additional example of formation near 137 Ma, suggesting that the deep-sea environment has been oxic and suitable for the formation of manganese nodules and crusts since the Cretaceous. Many manganese nodules and crusts occur on horizons corresponding to hiatuses in sedimentation or periods of slow sedimentation, consistent with the environment in which modern nodules form (sedimentation rate less than 10 m/m.y.). Sediments overlying the fossil nodules and crusts are oozes or biogenic sediments with sedimentation rates of 1–18 m/m.y. Low total organic carbon (<0.1 wt%) in the overlying sediments and high sulfate content (>25 mM) in interstitial water around the manganese horizon suggest that no strong reduction occurred within the overlying sediments. Coverage by biogenic sediments containing only small amounts of organic matter is therefore considered important for the preservation of manganese nodules and crusts. Manganese carbonate occurs sporadically as nodules, concretions or thin layers in various host sediments, including clay, calcareous ooze and siliceous ooze with sedimentation rates of 6–125 m/m.y. Hiatuses are rare around the host sediments of manganese carbonate. Higher total organic carbon (0.2–1.8 wt%) in the host sediments and lower sulfate content (0–25 mM) in interstitial water around the manganese carbonate horizon suggest that reduction in association with decomposition of organic matter would have proceeded in the host sediments.