纳米比亚铀资源勘查开发现状、投资环境与建议

能源安全（尤其是核资源）的重要性在当今更为彰显,掌握世界主要铀资源和产铀国的勘查开发现状与投资环境,对我国天然铀企业进行海外铀资源勘查开发具有重要意义。文章基于最新数据分析认为：纳米比亚铀资源丰富,主要勘查开发铀矿类型为侵入岩型和表生型;2010—2022年,纳米比亚天然铀产量整体不断增加,增幅度达到72%;铀资源勘查开发的进展主要体现在资源量新增、找矿空间拓展、潜在类型的发现以及部分暂停矿山重启等。纳米比亚总体上是开展铀资源勘查开发投资环境较优的国家,建议未来以我国现有企业控股矿山为中心,逐步辐射其周围地区乃至纳米比亚全境,分“三个层次”、采用“三种模式”进行纳米比亚铀资源勘查开发。     

Ultrahigh-pressure and Retrograde Metamorphic Ages for Paleozoic Protolith of Paragneiss in the Main Drill Hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project （CCSD-MH）, SW Sulu UHP Terrane

Laser Raman spectroscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL) images show that most zircon crystals separated from paragneiss in the main drill hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD-MH) at Maobei, southwestern Sulu terrane, contain low-pressure mineral-bearing detrital cores, coesite-bearing mantles and quartz-bearing or mineral inclusion-free rims. SHRIMP U Pb dating on these zoned zircons yield three discrete and meaningful age groups. The detrital cores yield a large age span from 659 to 313 Ma, indicating the protolith age for the analyzed paragneiss is Paleozoic rather than Proterozoic. The coesite-bearing mantles yield a weighted mean age of 228 ± 5 Ma for the UHP event. The quartz-bearing outmost rims yield a weighted mean age of 213 ± 6 Ma for the retrogressive event related to the regional amphibolite facies metamorphism in the Sulu UHP terrane. Combined with previous SHRIMP U-Pb dating results from orthogneiss in CCSD-MH, it is suggested that both Neoproterozoic granitic protolith and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks were subducted to mantle depths in the Late Triassic. About 15 million years later, the Sulu UHP metamorphic rocks were exhumed to mid-crustal levels and overprinted by an amphibolite-facies retrogressive metamorphism. The exhumation rate deduced from the SHRIMP data and metamorphic P-T conditions is about 6.7 km/Ma. Such a fast exhumation suggests that the Sulu UHP paragneiss and orthogneiss returned towards the surface as a dominant part of a buoyant sliver, caused as a consequence of slab breakoff.     

层序地层学在油储勘查研究中的新思维

当前层序地层学面临的问题是不能充分证明所研究的层序具有等时性和可对比性。层序界面和体系域与固，液体矿产的成矿作用存在内在的，有机的成因联系。最大海泛面以上各体系 叠置可构成自生的生储盖组合；具有古喀斯特作用的高水位体系域的溶蚀孔洞和其上的暴露面为成矿流体的运移提供了通道，因此它们不仅是层控型金属矿产的储矿空间，而且也是最有利的储油构造的地层圈闭。     

中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）微生物研究——地下3900米一株细菌的分离与鉴定

在中国大陆科学钻探科钻一井的3911.28米处利用厌氧培养基分离到一株细菌CCSDFL3900,该菌的最适生长温度为65℃,兼性厌氧,革兰氏染色为阴性,端生芽孢,不运动,电镜观察无鞭毛。利用细菌16SrDNA通用引物对其16SrRNA进行PCR扩增,16SrRNA序列及其进化树分析结果显示,该菌为芽孢杆菌或地杆菌。生化试验检测显示,该菌株能够利用多种糖类发酵产酸,最终鉴定为热坚芽孢杆菌。     

四川盆地中二叠统栖霞组、茅口组岩相古地理及勘探方向

通过地层剥蚀关系分析,四川盆地中二叠统沉积前的古构造格局具有"三隆一洼"的特点。基于野外剖面、岩心和薄片观察,结合录井、测井相和地震相分析,明确了栖霞组和茅口组发育镶边碳酸盐岩台地沉积,包含一级台缘带、二级台缘带、开阔台地和台盆等4种亚相以及一级台缘滩、二级台缘滩、台内滩和硅质台盆等微相。栖霞组、茅口组岩相古地理受控于沉积前古构造:一级台缘带分布于古隆起与斜坡—盆地过渡地带;开阔台地分布于古隆起区和低隆起区;台盆分布于低洼区;二级台缘带分布于开阔台地和台盆之间的过渡地带。类比上二叠统长兴组和下三叠统飞仙关组油气勘探,栖霞组、茅口组台地内部的二级台缘带可作为下一步油气勘探的有利领域。     

太行山东缘石家庄南部地壳结构及断裂活动性探测

采用深、浅地震反射和钻孔地质剖面相结合的方法,对太行山东缘石家庄南部的地壳结构和隐伏断裂的活动性进行了研究.深地震反射探测结果表明,该区地壳厚度33~38 km,莫霍面从华北平原向太行山下倾伏.石家庄-晋县凹陷是受拆离断层控制的盆岭构造,太行山山前断裂为凹陷的西边界断裂,表现为上陡下缓的铲形断裂.石家庄-晋县凹陷中还发育北席断裂和栾城断裂,它们与太行山山前断裂一样受拆离断层的控制,未错断早更新世晚期以来沉积的地层不属于活动断裂.深地震反射剖面的中部还揭示了一个近垂直的穹窿状反射异常体,它可能起源于莫霍面,向上,穿过上、下地壳分界面,并延伸至上地壳.穹窿状反射异常体内部反射波视频率随深度增加而降低,在莫霍面附近的壳幔过渡带也出现明显的频率降低、界面扭曲和变形现象,推断它可能是上地幔岩浆上涌到地壳内部的侵入体.结合电磁测深结果可以发现,上地幔热物质的上涌和东、西向拉张可能是形成石家庄-晋县凹陷的动力学机制.探测结果为深入理解石家庄地区的深部地球动力学过程、华北克拉通破坏机制、深浅构造关系和地震构造提供了依据.     

苏北盆地复杂断块油气藏勘探及技术

介绍了苏北盆地复杂断块油气藏形成的地质背景；针对地下地质复杂、地面施工环境困难所带来的勘探复杂性和难点，在实践中不断探索、创新和总结，发展形成了一套行之有效的复杂断块油气勘探理论与勘探技术，从而使近几年来的油气储量、产量和经济效益显著提高。     

Paleovalley-related uranium deposits in Australia and China: A review of geological and exploration models and methods

The features and similarities in the geology of paleovalley-related uranium mineralizing systems in Australia and China can be used to refine strategies for exploration. Paleovalley-related uranium resources include sandstone-, lignite- and calcrete-style deposits that are developed within the host sediments deposited in paleovalleys. The paleovalleys incise either crystalline bedrock or older sedimentary rocks, and uranium was deposited and concentrated by the influx of oxidized/reduced groundwaters flowing in aquifers within the paleovalley fill. The critical features of paleovalley-related uranium deposits include sediment and uranium sources, geological setting, depositional environment, age and relative timing of mineralization, aquifer characteristics, availability and distribution of reductants, and preservation potential of the uranium mineral system. This set of information provides a basis to establish the uranium mineralization model, which can then be used to assist with generating targets for uranium exploration and prospectivity analysis of a region. With respect to Sino-Australian examples, paleovalley-related uranium deposits form mostly around the margins of sedimentary basins and the mineralization is commonly hosted within channel fills contained within paleovalleys developed upon, or proximal to, Precambrian crystalline rocks that contain primary uranium sources. The deposits that have been well studied show remarkably similar factors that controlled the formation of paleovalley-related uranium deposits. Basement/bedrocks with above-background (2.8 ppm U) levels of uranium (10–100 ppm) that are linked to, and/or, incised by paleovalleys are associated with these deposits and are the inferred source of the uranium. In these regions, extensive fluvial systems developed particularly during Mesozoic and Cenozoic times, uranium from the bedrock was first dispersed into the sediments, and then concentrated to form deposits through successive chemical remobilization, precipitation and concentration. The deposits formed in continental or marginal marine environments, and commonly are associated with reduced lithologies, containing pyrite and dispersed organic matter and/or seams of lignite, or show evidence of infiltrated hydrocarbons. The mineralization is developed where oxidizing fluids (carrying dissolved U) reacted with reductants in the sediments. Geological, geophysical and geochemical features of the paleovalleys and related uranium deposits are used to construct models to understand host sediment distribution, fluid flow and ore genesis that can assist exploration for paleovalley-hosted uranium deposits. Precise geometric definition of the basin margin and paleovalley architecture is important in identifying exploration targets and improving the effectiveness of drilling. Refinements in remote sensing, geophysical and data processing techniques, in combination with sedimentological and depositional interpretations, provide an efficient approach for outlining the principal drainage patterns and channel dimensions. To help reduce risk, an exploration strategy should combine these technologies with a detailed understanding of the physicochemical parameters controlling uranium mobilization, precipitation and preservation.     

The sedimentary expression of oceanic anoxic event 1b in the North Atlantic

The Aptian/Albian oceanic anoxic event 1b contains the record of several perturbations in the global carbon cycle and multiple black shale levels, particularly in the Western Tethys. The local lithological expression of an oceanic anoxic event depends on palaeogeographical and depositional setting as well as on regional palaeoclimate. Marine sediments at a particular location may therefore be more or less organic‐rich (or not at all) and they may consist of different lithologies. In most studies, however, much of the lithological variability associated with oceanic anoxic events is left unaccounted for and, thus, the exact processes leading to the enrichment of organic matter in these marine sediments and their subsequent preservation in the geological record are unknown. This study focuses on the local sedimentary processes behind the deposition of organic‐rich sediments at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 545 and Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1049 and 1276 in the North Atlantic during oceanic anoxic event 1b. Although specifically dealing with the sediments deposited during this particular event at these localities, it is expected that the same processes were responsible for determining the exact sedimentary products at localities in similar settings, as well as during other similar events in the Mesozoic. Here, it is shown that the deposition of organic‐rich sediments during oceanic anoxic event 1b was a consequence of the enhanced productivity favoured by upwelling and by riverine nutrient input, or aeolian fertilization of the euphotic zone depending on geographical location. Slope instability processes resulted in the transfer of part of these organic‐rich sediments from the shelf to deep sea depocentres as mud‐laden organic‐rich turbidites, especially in the northern North Atlantic. The so‐called ‘black shales’ are much more varied than their name implies. The end product of sedimentation during an oceanic anoxic event at a particular location is commonly the result of several equifinal processes acting on a local scale rather than the direct result of basinal or even global mechanisms.     

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔榴辉岩中金红石微量元素地球化学特征

本文利用电子探针分析了中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔各种类型榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr和Zr含量。Zack等(2002)的金红石Nb-Cr图解表明榴辉岩的原岩均为镁铁质岩,但不同类型榴辉岩具有不同的地球化学特征,即:1金红石榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩、角闪岩和钛铁矿榴辉岩中金红石的Nb和Cr含量大致相同,主孔中上述榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr含量与区域上小焦金红石矿区金红石榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr含量基本相同。总体来讲,区域和主孔榴辉岩中金红石以低Nb为特征,反映它们的原岩为镁铁质岩石。2蓝晶石多硅白云母榴辉岩中金红石具最高的Nb和Cr含量,其Nb和Cr均值分别为720×10-6和712×10-6,多硅白云母榴辉岩中金红石比金红石榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩、角闪岩和钛铁矿榴辉岩中金红石富集Cr。利用Zack等(2004)提出的金红石地质温度计,计算得出金红石榴辉岩的金红石形成温度介于608~746℃,石英榴辉岩的金红石温度介于629~680℃,钛铁矿榴辉岩金红石的形成温度介于629~704℃,蓝晶石多硅白云母榴辉岩的金红石形成温度为600℃,角闪岩的金红石形成温度为629℃。一种可能的解释是,榴辉岩在折返过程中退变质作用明显,流体活动强烈,导致金红石中Zr扩散丢失,金红石中Zr含量不同程度地受到角闪岩相退变质过程中再平衡作用的影响,致使计算的温度偏低。