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121.
Hydrological exchange and subsurface water chemistry in streams varying in salinity in south-western Australia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Many streams in Westrn Australia are naturally saline. In others, especially in the south-western corner, land-clearance and
other human activities in the catchment have accelerated rates of salinisation of surface and groundwater. Trends in surface
water salinity are well-documented but the extent of penetration of saline stream water into the sediments has been little
studied. As many of these streams have porous sandy beds and their flows may derive from groundwater, hydrologic exchange
patterns between surface water and subsurface hyporheic water were hypothesised to govern the water chemistry of such rivers.
We predicted high rates of hydraulic conductivity, leading to a close relationship between surface and subsurface (to a depth
of 50 cm) salinity, and to a lesser extent, pH and dissolved oxygen. Where surface and hyporheic water differed in salinity,
other chemical differences were hypothesised to be similarly marked, perhaps resulting from disjunct shallow subsurface aquifers.
Triplicate wells were sampled from upwelling and downwelling zones of thirteen streams ranging in salinity from ca. 0.2 to
18 g L−1. Despite the seemingly-porous sandy beds at many sites, subsurface water chemistry only 20–40 cm below the bed sometimes
differed markedly from surface water. For example, hyporheic water was only one-fifth the salinity of surface water at some
saline sites (e.g., the Tone River) or 20 per cent more saline in streams with fresh surface water (e.g., the Weld River).
At some sites of intermediate salinity (e.g., the Warren River), subsurface water was up to three times fresher than surface
or downwelling water. Percentage saturation of dissolved oxygen in the hyporheic water was consistently low (<40%) whereas
pH was more acidic than surface water, presumably due to microbial activity. Vertical hydraulic conductivity may be limited
by layers of fine sediments and clays, implying that the meso-scale (1–100 cm) hydrological dynamics within the hyporheic
zones of these rivers are more complex than their sandy beds would indicate. Assumptions of ecosystem dynamics in saline streams
must be tempered by an understanding of hyporheic salinities as subsurface fresher water may support microbial and faunal
assemblages excluded from the surface benthos by high salinity. In saline streams, as in fresh ones, the hyporheic zone is
an important component of the stream ecosystem and equally prone to disruption by human activities. 相似文献
122.
123.
An Erratum has been published for this article in Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 33(6) 2004, 793. The dynamic stiffness of a foundation embedded in a multiple‐layered halfspace is calculated postulating one‐dimensional wave propagation in cone segments. In this strength‐of‐materials approach the sectional property of the cone segment increases in the direction of wave propagation. Reflections and refractions with waves propagating in corresponding cone segments occur at layer interfaces. Compared to rigorous procedures the novel method based on cone segments is easy to apply, provides conceptual clarity and physical insight in the wave propagation mechanisms. This method postulating one‐dimensional wave propagation in cone segments with reflections and refractions at layer interfaces is evaluated, calculating the dynamic stiffness of a foundation embedded in a multiple‐layered halfspace. For sites resting on a flexible halfspace and fixed at the base, engineering accuracy (deviation of ±20%) is achieved for all degrees of freedom with a vast parameter variation. The behaviour below the cut‐off frequency in an undamped site fixed at its base is also reliably predicted. The accuracy is, in general, better than for the method based on cone frustums, which can lead to negative damping. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
124.
采用代数重建技术重建三维物体,提出了一种基于splatting原理的ART权值计算方法,以增强重建图像的空间分辨率.该算法基于三维锥束扫描方式,采用双三次样条局部基函数作为插值核,并利用其足印函数对物体进行插值来计算像素的权值.与常量插值相比,这种方法对物体的灰度值有更精确的近似,在相同的实验条件下可重建出分辨率高的物体.给出了适用于三维锥束重建的splatting算法的具体实现,并对实验数据进行了实物重建及误差分析. 相似文献
125.
罗布泊地区红柳沙包纹层沙粒度特征与环境指示意义 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
通过对罗布泊西南缘一个红柳沙包的132个清晰沉积纹层沙物质特征分析表明:所有沉积纹层沙物质均以细砂为主,占42.54~91.82%,其中1871-1874年纹层砂粒最细,1903-1910年纹层砂粒最粗;沙物质粒径分布在0.044~0.283mm之间,平均值0.095mm,中值粒径0.083mm;所有纹层沙物质的分选性都很好,分选系数分布在0.04~0.06之间,平均值0.05;偏态值分布在0.14~0.35之间,平均值0.19;峰态值分布在1.03~1.17之间,平均值1.13;沙物质粒度分维值分布在1.39~2.88之间,平均值2.80。除沙层厚度外,粒级组成、粒度特征参数、粒级分布曲线以及粒度累计概率曲线等也有较明确的环境指示意义。 相似文献
126.
研究Logistic判别分析中的极大似然估计的存在性与唯一性问题,是一个在实际中碰到的难题。本文给出了分离及有重叠数据情况下的结论证明。 相似文献
127.
128.
在深部地热开采中所钻遇的花岗岩地层,由于其硬度高、研磨性强、致密、可钻性差,致使钻进效率低、钻头消耗大、钻探周期长、成本高等。在“张家口地区地热资源调查评价”项目ZK01-2井施工中,为提高钻探效率,降低钻探周期与成本,采用了射流式液动冲击器配牙轮钻头的钻进方法,在硬岩地层中实现了高效破岩的应用效果。钻进过程中还对排量、钻压、转速等多种钻井工艺参数进行了优化分析,并进行了多次现场试验验证。应用结果表明,硬岩地层在进尺相同的条件下,采用射流式液动冲击器提速钻进比常规普钻效率提高了30%以上,大幅提高了硬岩地层的机械钻速,有效提升了钻探效率,起到了高效破岩的作用,为花岗岩等硬岩地层提速增效提供了重要的技术支撑。 相似文献
129.
基于人工神经网络的砂土液化势评价 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
本文利用静力触探(CPT)场地液化数据,建立了液化势判定的反向传播神经网络模型,研究表明,同传统方法相比,人工神经网络方法在判别砂土液化势方面是可行的。 相似文献
130.
对于平面应变条件下岩土稳定性分析,基于线性规划的上限有限元需对常用的摩尔-库仑屈服准则形成的二阶锥约束进行线性化,直接地处理方法是以外接多边形替代锥体投影形成的圆域。为了提高线性化精度往往需直接增加外接多边形边数,从而造成线性规划模型中决策变量包含大量的塑性乘子变量,使计算难度大为增加甚至变得不可行。为此,引入Ben-Tal和Nemirovsky提出的一种二阶锥线性化方法,并将其嵌入到自编的上限有限元程序。经算例分析发现,该法与外接多边形线性化方法所获计算结果相互印证,且其通过适量的增加决策变量和等式约束数目,能保证摩尔-库仑屈服准则线性化精度,同时形成的线性规划规模更小,可望应用于基于线性规划模型的上限有限元中。 相似文献